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Chinesische Wissenschaftler entdecken eigennützige DNA in Pflanzen
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News provided by

Nanjing Agricultural University

Jun 20, 2018, 01:48 ET

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NANJING, China, June 20, 2018 /PRNewswire/ -- Nach der Entdeckung von eigennütziger DNA in Mäusen und Nematoden wurde diese erneut von chinesischen Wissenschaftlern in Reis festgestellt. Damit wurde eigennützige DNA zum ersten Mal in Pflanzen bestätigt und stellt somit die bekannte Mendelsche Spaltungsregel infrage. Diese neue Entdeckung wurde erstmals am 8. Juni 2018 in einem Artikel im international angesehenen akademischen Journal „Science" bekanntgegeben, der zum Großteil von Dr. Xiaowen Yu und Professor Zhigang Zhao vom Agragkolleg der Nanjing Agricultural University verfasst wurde. Als Korrespondenzautor wird Jianmin Wan, Akademiker bei der Chinese Academy of Engineering genannt.

Aber was ist eigennützige DNA? Im Kern der Mendelschen Genforschung steckt das Konzept, dass Keimzellen mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit eine der beiden Kopien des elterlichen Gens enthalten. Merkmale im Nachwuchs können in der Tat mehr Ähnlichkeiten aufweisen als jene von einem der beiden Elternteile. Das Gleiche gilt für die eigennützige DNA in Reis. Hinzu kommt, dass derartige eigennützige DNA die Vorteile der Hybriden O. sativa ssp japonica (DJY1) schwächen.

Theoretisch genießen die Indica/japonica Hybriden einen Ertragsvorteil von 15 % gegenüber den besten bestehenden indica/indica Hybriden. Die Sterilität der Hybriden, wozu auch ihre Pollensterilität, ausgestoßener Embryosack und geringe Samenproduktion gehören, tritt immer zusammen mit starkem Hybridenwachstum auf. Gemäß den Erkenntnissen der Gruppe um Herrn Wan entsteht dieses Phänomen aus der eigennützigen DNA.

Eigennützige DNA tritt häufig im Erbgut von Eukaryoten auf, aber ihre Rolle ist nach wie vor umstritten. Professor Wans Gruppe von der Nanjing Agricultural University entdeckte den Mechanismus der Sterilität unter Hybriden, der von der eigennützigen DNA verursacht wird. Zwischen O. sativa ssp japonica (DJY1) und wildem Reis (Oryza meridionalis) gibt es zwei nah verwandte Gene (ORF2 und ORF3) in hybriden männlichen sterilen Sorten. ORF2 stößt den Pollen auf sporophytische Weise aus, während ORF3 den Pollen auf gametophytische Weise schützt. Darüber hinaus ermöglichen stark kompatible Sorten, die mit CRISPR Technologie entwickelt wurden, die Nutzung des starken Wachstums von Hybriden im Reisanbau.

Weitere Informationen finden Sie unter: http://science.sciencemag.org/content/360/6393/1130 

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