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El crecimiento excesivo de la amígdala, que se produce en el trastorno del espectro autista, puede comenzar durante la infancia
  • USA - English


News provided by

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Mar 25, 2022, 14:47 ET

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Hallazgos de un estudio financiado por los NIH apoyan el inicio del tratamiento durante el primer año de vida 

BETHESDA, Maryland, 25 de marzo de 2022 /PRNewswire-HISPANIC PR WIRE/ --

QUÉ: 
La amígdala, una estructura cerebral agrandada en niños de dos años diagnosticados con trastorno del espectro autista (TEA), comienza su crecimiento acelerado entre los 6 y los 12 meses de edad, sugiere un estudio financiado por los Institutos Nacionales de Salud. La amígdala está involucrada en el procesamiento de emociones, tales como la interpretación de expresiones faciales o la sensación de miedo ante la exposición a una amenaza. Los hallazgos indican que las terapias para reducir los síntomas del TEA podrían tener las mayores posibilidades de éxito si se inician durante el primer año de vida, antes de que la amígdala comience su crecimiento acelerado.

El estudio incluyó a 408 infantes: 270 con mayor probabilidad de padecer TEA por tener un hermano mayor con TEA, 109 con desarrollo típico y 29 con síndrome X frágil, una forma hereditaria de discapacidad intelectual y del desarrollo. Los investigadores realizaron tomografías de los niños a los 6, 12 y 24 meses de edad. Descubrieron que los 58 infantes que desarrollaron el TEA tenían la amígdala de un tamaño normal a los 6 meses, pero aparecía agrandada a los 12 y 24 meses. Además, que entre más rápida era la tasa de crecimiento excesivo de la amígdala, mayor era la gravedad de los síntomas de TEA a los 24 meses. Los infantes con síndrome X frágil tenían un patrón distinto de crecimiento cerebral. Ellos no presentaron diferencias en el crecimiento de la amígdala sino que era otra la estructura cerebral agrandada, el caudado, vinculado a un aumento de los comportamientos repetitivos.

El equipo de investigación, que forma parte de la Red de Estudio de Imágenes Cerebrales Infantiles de los Centros de Excelencia en Autismo de los NIH, estuvo dirigido por Mark Shen, Ph.D., de la Universidad de Carolina del Norte en Chapel Hill y del Estudio de Imágenes Cerebrales Infantiles. El estudio se publicó en el American Journal of Psychiatry. El financiamiento fue aportado por el Instituto Nacional de Salud Infantil y Desarrollo Humano Eunice Kennedy Shriver (NICHD) de los NIH, el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias de la Salud Ambiental y el Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental.

Los autores sugirieron que las dificultades para procesar la información sensorial durante la infancia pueden estresar a la amígdala, causando su crecimiento excesivo.

El TEA es un trastorno complejo del desarrollo que afecta a la forma en que una persona se comporta, interactúa con los demás, se comunica y aprende.

QUIÉN: 
Alice Kau, Ph.D., de la División de Discapacidades Intelectuales y del Desarrollo del NICHD, está disponible para comentarios.

ARTÍCULO: 
Shen, Maryland. Subcortical brain development in autism and fragile X syndrome: evidence for dynamic, age-and disorder-specific trajectories in infancy. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2022. https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.21090896

Acerca del Instituto Nacional de Salud Infantil y Desarrollo Humano Eunice Kennedy Shriver (NICHD): El NICHD lidera la investigación y la capacitación para comprender el desarrollo humano, mejorar la salud reproductiva, mejorar la vida de niños y adolescentes, y optimizar las habilidades para todos. Para obtener más información, visite https://espanol.nichd.nih.gov.

Acerca de los Institutos Nacionales de la Salud (NIH): NIH, la agencia de investigación médica de los EE. UU., incluye 27 institutos y centros, y es un componente del Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de los EE. UU. NIH es la principal agencia federal que realiza y apoya investigaciones médicas básicas, clínicas y traslacionales, y que investiga las causas, los tratamientos y las curas para enfermedades comunes y raras. Para obtener más información acerca de los NIH y sus programas, visite https://salud.nih.gov.

FUENTE Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; National Institutes of Health (NIH)

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