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El microbioma modificado tras la cesárea afecta al sistema inmune del bebé
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Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB) of the University of Luxembourg

Nov 30, 2018, 05:00 ET

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LUXEMBURGO, November 30, 2018 /PRNewswire/ --

- El microbioma modificado tras la cesárea afecta al sistema inmune del bebé, según una investigación del Centro para la Biomedicina de Sistemas de Luxemburgo (LCSB) 

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Caesarean birth prevents important bacterial functions from being passed on. This change impacts immune stimulations during the first days of life and may explain why caesarean-born children suffer more frequently from chronic immune disorders. 
Credits: Linda Wampach. (PRNewsfoto/LCSB)
Caesarean birth prevents important bacterial functions from being passed on. This change impacts immune stimulations during the first days of life and may explain why caesarean-born children suffer more frequently from chronic immune disorders. Credits: Linda Wampach. (PRNewsfoto/LCSB)

Junto con colegas de Suecia y Luxemburgo, científicos del Centro para la Biomedicina de Sistemas de Luxemburgo (LCSB) de la Universidad de Luxemburgo han observado que, durante un parto vaginal natural, bacterias específicas del intestino de la madre pasan al bebé y estimulan las respuestas inmunes del bebé. Esta transmisión se ve afectada en niños nacidos por cesárea. "Esto podría explicar por qué, desde el punto de vista epidemiológico, los niños nacidos por cesárea sufren más frecuentemente enfermedades crónicas vinculadas al sistema inmune en comparación con bebés nacidos vaginalmente", dijo el director del estudio, el profesor Paul Wilmes. Su equipo acaba de publicar sus resultados en la publicación Nature Communications (DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07631-x).  

     (Photo: https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/791234/LCSB_Infographic.jpg )

Los humanos nacen libres de gérmenes. Pero el nacimiento es normalmente el momento donde las bacterias vitalmente importantes empiezan a colonizar el organismo, incluido el intestino, la piel y los pulmones. Los investigadores sospechan que esta colonización temprana establece el curso de la salud posterior de cada ser humano. Sin embargo, es posible que una cesárea evite que determinadas bacterias, las que normalmente interactúan con el sistema inmune del bebé, pasen de la madre al recién nacido. Paul Wilmes, director del grupo de investigación Eco-Systems Biology en el LCSB, y sus colegas han descubierto ahora la primera evidencia de esto en un estudio de recién nacidos, de los cuales la mitad nacieron mediante cesárea. Wilmes informa: "Encontramos sustancias bacterianas específicas que estimulan el sistema inmune en bebés nacidos vaginalmente. En contraste, la estimulación inmune en niños con cesárea es mucho menor ya sea porque los desencadenantes bacterianos están presentes en niveles mucho más bajos o porque otras sustancias bacterianas dificultan que se produzcan estas reacciones inmunes iniciales".

Este vínculo del colonizador bacteriano con el sistema inmune -junto con otros factores- podría explicar por qué los bebés nacidos por cesárea son estadísticamente más propensos a desarrollar alergias, enfermedades inflamatorias crónicas y enfermedades metabólicas. "Podría ser que el sistema inmune de estos niños siga una ruta diferente desde una fase temprana", sugirió Paul Wilmes. "Ahora queremos seguir investigando este vínculo mecanísticamente y encontrar maneras por las cuales podríamos reemplazar las cepas bacterias maternas ausentes en bebés nacidos por cesárea, por ejemplo administrando probióticos".

"Lógicamente, está ya claro que no deberíamos intervenir en exceso en el proceso del nacimiento. Los bebés solo deberían nacer por cesárea cuando sea médicamente necesario", recalcó Paul Wilmes. "Debemos ser conscientes de que, al hacerlo, estamos interviniendo masivamente en las interacciones naturales entre los humanos y las bacterias".

Financiación: El estudio estuvo respaldado por la Fondation André et Henriette Losch así como por becas de los programas ATTRACT, CORE y AFR del Fondo de Investigación Nacional de Luxemburgo (FNR). Se proporcionaron otros fondos por la Universidad de Luxemburgo. La recogida, procesamiento y almacenamiento de muestras se financiaron conjuntamente por el Biobanco Integrado de Luxemburgo dentro del programa Personalised Medicine Consortium Diabetes.

Bibliografía: Linda Wampach, Anna Heintz-Buschart, Joëlle V. Fritz, Javier Ramiro-Garcia, Janine Habier, Malte Herold, Shaman Narayanasamy, Anne Kaysen, Angela H. Hogan, Lutz Bindl, Jean Bottu, Rashi Halder, Conny Sjöqvist, Patrick May, Anders F. Andersson, Carine de Beaufort and Paul Wilmes, Birth mode is associated with earliest strain-conferred gut microbiome functions and immunostimulatory potential, Nature Communications, 30 November 2018. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07631-x

Oficina de Prensa de la Universidad de Luxemburgo:
Thomas Klein
[email protected]
+352-46-66-44-5148

Investigador:
Prof. Paul Wilmes
[email protected]
+352-46-66-44-6188

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