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Мнение эксперта: уроки, извлеченные из войны с нищетой в Китае
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Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University

Mar 01, 2021, 07:25 ET

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СУЧЖОУ (Китай), 1 марта 2021 г. /PRNewswire/ -- В 2016 году китайское правительство обязалось вывести 832 уезда из состояния крайней нищеты к концу 2020 года, и в ноябре прошлого года эта цель была достигнута. В прошлый четверг председатель КНР Си Цзиньпин на состоявшейся в Пекине церемонии в честь участников проекта охарактеризовал это достижение как «полную победу».

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Dr Alessandra Cappelletti (left), of Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, was a researcher for the Poverty Alleviation Programme Xinjiang in 2011/2012.
Dr Alessandra Cappelletti (left), of Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, was a researcher for the Poverty Alleviation Programme Xinjiang in 2011/2012.

Д-р Алессандра Каппеллетти (Alessandra Cappelletti), доцент кафедры международных исследований Университета Сиань Цзяотун-Ливерпуль (XJTLU), считает, что успех проекта обусловлен целым рядом причин, и другие страны могут извлечь несколько ценных уроков из опыта его реализации.

Урок 1: Сделайте задачу приоритетной

Одним из ключей к успеху в реализации китайского плана по борьбе с нищетой была сильная политическая воля, говорит д-р Каппеллетти: «Правительство мобилизовало всю бюрократическую машину».

Все шло по плану, но в начале прошлого года пандемия COVID-19 вызвала замедление мировой экономики.

Однако вместо того чтобы приостановить реализацию программы, говорит д-р Каппеллетти, центральное правительство в кратчайшие сроки издало директивы, предписывающие местным чиновникам обеспечить выполнение запланированной цели: «Когда центральное правительство ставит четко обозначенную цель, она становится обязательным к исполнению приказом».

Урок 2: Думайте с прицелом на будущее

В любой другой стране, решив задачу по выводу уезда из нищеты, местные чиновники могли бы расслабиться и поздравить себя с хорошо выполненной работой. «Но политическое руководство Китая, — говорит д-р Каппеллетти, — считает, что каждое найденное решение создает еще 10 проблем. Такой взгляд обусловлен "релятивистским мировоззрением", которое склонно видеть во всем сложные взаимосвязи».

Одной из таких новых задач является сохранение материального благополучия.

«Для ее решения можно, например, выбрать стратегию, направленную на оказание крестьянам помощи в развитии собственного бизнеса. Так, Пекинский сельскохозяйственный университет помог жителям одной из деревень в провинции Сычуань отремонтировать их дома для сдачи комнат туристам», — поясняет д-р Каппеллетти.

Урок 3: Ищите внутренние ресурсы

По словам д-ра Каппеллетти, с годами Китай изменил основное направление развития своей экономики: «Возникла настоятельная потребность в модернизации китайской экономической системы с переходом от зависимой от угля экономики, основанной на дешевой рабочей силе, к инновационной технологической модели». Кроме того, страна сместила акцент на ускоренное развитие внутреннего рынка и снижение зависимости от экспорта.

Косвенным способом стимулирования местной экономики является увеличение инвестиций в образование и здравоохранение, поскольку повышение доступности этих услуг для обычных граждан способствует росту реальных доходов населения.

«Проблемы, конечно, остаются. Но трудно не испытывать оптимизм», — подводит она итог.

Фото — https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1445959/Alessandra_Poverty_Alleviation.jpg

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