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Mutaciones letales en la pérdida del embarazo
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News provided by

deCODE genetics

May 21, 2025, 11:00 ET

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REIKIAVIK, Islandia, 21 de mayo de 2025 /PRNewswire/ -- En un estudio publicado hoy en Nature, "Diversidad de secuencias perdida en las primeras etapas del embarazo", científicos de deCODE Genetics, una filial de Amgen, estiman que aproximadamente uno de cada 136 embarazos se pierde debido a nuevas mutaciones en el feto. En otras palabras, millones de embarazos en todo el mundo se pierden cada año debido a mutaciones.

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Hakon Jonsson and Gudny Anna Arnadottir scientists at deCODE genetics and authors on the paper in Nature
Hakon Jonsson and Gudny Anna Arnadottir scientists at deCODE genetics and authors on the paper in Nature

El genoma humano varía entre individuos, pero existen algunas ubicaciones donde la variación secuencial entre individuos parece ser mínima o nula. Esto plantea la pregunta de si las secuencias en estas ubicaciones son esenciales para el desarrollo humano. Si bien se sabe que las mutaciones en secuencias genómicas esenciales contribuyen significativamente a los trastornos del neurodesarrollo, la pregunta es: ¿contribuyen también a la pérdida del embarazo?

Como parte de una colaboración nórdica, los científicos de deCODE Genetics buscaron responder estas preguntas secuenciando 467 muestras de pérdidas de embarazos de un estudio prospectivo iniciado por Henriette Svarre Nielsen y Eva R. Hoffmann.

Curiosamente, al comparar los genomas de los fetos de embarazos perdidos con los de sus padres, los científicos descubrieron que los fetos albergaban una cantidad similar de nuevas mutaciones que los adultos.

"A pesar de las cifras similares, descubrimos que la principal diferencia entre los fetos perdidos y los adultos era que las mutaciones en los fetos ocurrían en secuencias genómicas esenciales", explicó Hákon Jónsson, científico de deCODE Genetics y uno de los autores del artículo.

Además, lograron identificar en qué momento del desarrollo del feto se produjeron algunas de las mutaciones.

Además de mapear nuevas mutaciones en los fetos perdidos, también demostraron que algunas parejas tienen un mayor riesgo de aborto espontáneo debido a problemas de compatibilidad genética. Se hereda una copia de un gen de cada progenitor, y en la mayoría de los casos, una copia defectuosa no presenta problemas, pero pueden surgir problemas si se hereda una copia defectuosa de ambos progenitores.

"Hemos demostrado previamente que, para ciertos genes, nunca se observan dos copias defectuosas en genomas adultos, pero encontramos dos copias defectuosas en algunas de las pérdidas de embarazo. Es importante destacar que estas implican un alto riesgo de recurrencia de la pérdida de embarazo para la pareja, pero pueden ser descartadas en los tratamientos de FIV", afirmó Guðný A. Árnadóttir, científico de deCODE Genetics y uno de los autores del artículo.

Junto con la recombinación, la generación continua de mutaciones nos permite evolucionar como especie. Sin embargo, esta afluencia continua de nuevas mutaciones se produce a expensas de las enfermedades raras. Este estudio demuestra la contribución de las mutaciones a la pérdida de embarazos y arroja nueva luz sobre las secuencias conservadas en el genoma humano.

Con sede en Reikiavik, Islandia, deCODE Genetics es líder mundial en el análisis y la comprensión del genoma humano. Gracias a su experiencia única y a sus recursos poblacionales, deCODE ha descubierto factores de riesgo genéticos para docenas de enfermedades comunes. El objetivo de comprender la genética de las enfermedades es utilizar esa información para crear nuevos métodos de diagnóstico, tratamiento y prevención. deCODE Genetics es una filial propiedad al 100 % de Amgen.

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