Rare Earths: Worldwide Markets, Applications, Technologies
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Rare Earths: Worldwide Markets, Applications, Technologieshttp://www.reportlinker.com/p0128135/Rare-Earths-Worldwide-Markets-Applications-Technologies.html#utm_source=prnewswire&utm_medium=pr&utm_campaign=Glass_and_Ceramic_Manufacturing
REPORT SCOPE
INTRODUCTION
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVESSpecifically, the major objectives of this study are:
Provide an updated review of rare earth technology, focusing on materials, sources, and applications
Highlight new technological developments during the past 3 years as they relate to rare earths
Review existing fields of application for rare earths and investigate emerging applications
Supply an updated worldwide overview of resources and rare earth production
Describe the market evolution since 2009 and estimate 2011 global markets by application and rare earth element, with growth forecasts through 2016 for each market segment
Identify important technological and market trends within each market segment
Provide an updated review of current producers of rare earth materials and other relevant industry players
Determine trends in U.S. patents issued during the past 2 years.
REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDYIn 2009, global demand for rare earths reached nearly 112,000 metric tons, with no meaningful slow-down in demand expected.
Beginning in the mid-1980s, China surpassed the United States as the leading supplier of rare earths. With very large reserves of rare earths, China's overwhelming price advantage through economies of scale made most mining operations in other parts of the world unprofitable, strengthening China's position as the leading producer of these elements (China currently accounts for over 90% of global rare earths production).
In recent years, China has adopted various regulations to control the mining and export of rare earths and has increased enforcement efforts to better protect the environment and safeguard supplies for its growing domestic market. As a result, China has reduced export quotas for rare earths, causing worldwide shortages of these materials and, consequently, rapidly rising prices.
The principal reason for doing this study is to provide an updated and comprehensive assessment of the rare earth industry, particularly as it relates to the evaluation of resources, the status of mining projects worldwide, current and future pricing of rare earths, alternative sources, and growth in demand for products containing these materials.
There is also a need to evaluate the current status and future trends of the rare earth industry from a global standpoint. As use of these materials expands, information on regional production, sales, and types of suppliers becomes more valuable.
An equally important reason for undertaking this study is to provide technical insights regarding rare earth production by:
Illustrating the latest technological developments.Supplying a review of current and emerging applications.Identifying supply and demand for the 17 elements.Identifying current technical issues.Providing a detailed patent analysis.
This information can assist companies in finding alternative sources for rare earths and identifying opportunities for process and productivity improvements, resulting in a positive impact on future market growth.
INTENDED AUDIENCEManufacture, sell, and distribute rare earths and rare earth–based productsAre involved in the exploration and mining of rare earth elementsDevelop technologies that utilize rare earthsProduce special alloysFabricate advanced ceramicsManufacture glass for optical applicationsOffer technical and/or marketing services to firms that produce high-performance materials.
Overall, this study applies to industry sectors such as metallurgical/mechanical, glass and ceramics, electronics, optical and optoelectronics, chemical, energy, life sciences, sensors and instrumentation, and consumer products.
The study is mainly directed toward executives, directors, operations managers, sales and marketing managers, and strategic planners working within the above industries. Universities and research facilities may also find this study to be a good source of technical information regarding rare earth materials, sources, technology, and applications, which can be used as a baseline for new or expanded R&D activities. Librarians of technical information and research centers can also use this report to provide critical data to product managers, market analysts, researchers, and other professionals who need detailed and updated insights into the rare earths industry.
SCOPE OF REPORT
This study provides an updated review of rare earth materials, sources, pricing, and production processes, and identifies current and emerging applications for these materials.
BCC Research determines the current market status of rare earths, defines trends, and presents growth forecasts over the next 5 years. Supply and sourcing issues, including the latest developments, are also discussed.
BCC Research analyzes the rare earth industry on a worldwide basis from the standpoint of both manufacturing and consumption, and provides profiles of leading industry players.
A detailed U.S. patent analysis provides further insight regarding market and technological developments.
More specifically, BCC's market analysis is divided into seven parts.
In the first part, a historical review of rare earths is provided, including an outline of recent events. In this section, current and emerging applications for these materials are also identified and divided by sector (e.g., metallurgical/mechanical, chemical, energy, and electronics).
In the second part, the latest process developments and improvements related to rare earth production are outlined, followed by a summary of global production by country.
The third part of the report provides a detailed analysis of the geographical distribution of rare earth sources, discussing the major rare earth mining activities in each country, including supplying an updated assessment of world reserves, a status report on the most important mining projects, and global production forecasts.
Past, present and future price trends are presented and discussed in the fourth section.
The fifth part of the report entails a global market analysis of rare earths. Global consumption of rare earths (in metric tons) are presented by industry/application and by element, with actual data referring to the years 2009 and 2010, and estimated data for 2011. Global rare earth revenues (data in millions of dollars) by industry are also provided.
This section also offers a presentation of market growth trends based on industry growth and technological trends. Projected consumption for rare earths is reported with forecast CAGRs (compound annual growth rates) for the period 2011 through 2016.
In the sixth part, covering global industry structure, the report provides a complete list of rare earth suppliers with a description of their products. The analysis includes a description of the geographical distribution of these firms and an evaluation of production versus consumption for rare earths, always from a geographical standpoint. Detailed company profiles of the top industry players are also provided.
The seventh and final section includes an extensive analysis of U.S. patents, with a summary of patents related to rare earth materials, processes, and applications, issued during the period 2009 through 2011. Patent analysis is performed by region, country, assignee, patent category, application, and material type.
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES
Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used to obtain market data and analyze the overall market and market segments.
The technology section of this report is based on information derived from technical literature, related BCC reports, professional journals, the author's field experience, and online sources.
Global market analysis was performed by analyzing 127 suppliers of rare earths, accounting for at least 90% of the global market. Data for each company were obtained by thoroughly analyzing Security and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings, Internet websites, annual reports, industry directories, industry magazines and catalogs, government sources, and other public sources.
Additional data were obtained from the direct contribution of primary sources, including: company executives, managers, engineers and other technical personnel representing suppliers of rare earths and rare earth–based products; representatives of academia and trade associations; and industry market analysts.
Secondary sources of information include:
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS)
EDGAR — U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission Filings
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office
European Patent Office
Company websites
Company annual reports
Thomas Register
Moody's Directory
S & P Industry Survey
Dun & Bradstreet Business Directory
American Ceramic Society Publications
Foreign Chamber of Commerce Directories
Foreign Stock Exchange Listings.
In addition to utilizing the above primary and secondary sources, market growth trends and forecasts were compiled by gaining additional insights from relevant financial and market information, relevant BCC reports, and the author's own in-depth and comprehensive analysis of the collected information.
Table of ContentsSTUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 1
REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY 1
REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY (CONTINUED) 2
INTENDED AUDIENCE 3
SCOPE OF REPORT 3
SCOPE OF REPORT (CONTINUED) 4
METHODOLOGY AND INFORMATION SOURCES 5
RELATED BCC RESEARCH STUDIES 6
ANALYST CREDENTIALS 7
BCC ONLINE SERVICES 7
DISCLAIMER 8
CHAPTER TWO: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR RARE EARTHS,
THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS — REO EQUIVALENT) 10
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR RARE EARTHS, 2009–
2016 (METRIC TONS — REO EQUIVALENT) 11
CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW 12
INTRODUCTION 12
FIGURE 1 RARE EARTHS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE 13
TABLE 1 LANTHANOIDS 13
TABLE 1 (CONTINUED) 14
TABLE 2 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF LANTHANOIDS 14
TABLE 3 SCANDIUM AND YTTRIUM 15
MILESTONES IN THE HISTORY OF RARE EARTHS AND RECENT
EVENTS 15
TABLE 4 RARE EARTHS — TECHNOLOGICAL AND COMMERCIAL
MILESTONES 15
TABLE 4 (CONTINUED) 16
TABLE 5 RARE EARTHS DISCOVERY 16
FIGURE 2 RARE EARTHS — WORLDWIDE PATENT APPLICATIONS
AND PATENTS ISSUED, 1951–2010 17
FIGURE 2 (CONTINUED) 18
CURRENT AND EMERGING APPLICATIONS FOR RARE EARTHS 19
METALLURGICAL/ MECHANICAL 19
TABLE 6 RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS IN THE METALLURGICAL
AND MECHANICAL SECTOR, 2011 19
TABLE 6 (CONTINUED) 20
GLASS/CERAMICS 20
TABLE 7 RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS IN THE GLASS/CERAMIC
SECTOR, 2011 20
TABLE 7 (CONTINUED) 21
ELECTRONICS, OPTICS, AND OPTOELECTRONICS 21
TABLE 8 RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRONICS, OPTICS,
AND OPTOELECTRONICS, 2011 22
TABLE 8 (CONTINUED) 23
CHEMICAL 23
TABLE 9 RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL SECTOR,
2011 23
TABLE 9 (CONTINUED) 24
ENERGY 24
TABLE 10 RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS IN THE ENERGY SECTOR,
2011 24
TABLE 10 (CONTINUED) 25
LIFE SCIENCES 25
TABLE 11 RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS IN THE LIFE SCIENCES
SECTOR, 2011 25
SENSORS AND INSTRUMENTATION 26
TABLE 12 RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS IN THE SENSORS AND
INSTRUMENTATION SECTOR, 2011 26
CONSUMER 26
Established Applications 26
TABLE 13 RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS IN THE CONSUMER
SECTOR, 2011 27
OTHERS 27
TABLE 14 OTHER RARE EARTH APPLICATIONS, 2011 27
CHAPTER FOUR: RARE EARTH PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY 28
INTRODUCTION 28
RARE ELEMENTS PROCESSING 28
TABLE 15 PROCESSING STEPS IN THE RARE EARTH INDUSTRY 28
MINING 29
Crustal Abundance and Deposit Types 29
TABLE 16 RARE EARTHS CRUSTAL ABUNDANCE 29
Rare Earth Minerals 30
TABLE 17 TYPICAL RARE EARTH CONTENT IN VARIOUS COMMON
RARE EARTH MINERALS (REO %) 30
TABLE 17 (CONTINUED) 31
TABLE 18 TYPICAL ION ADSORPTION CLAY, LATERITE ORE
COMPOSITIONS (% OF TOTAL REO) 31
TABLE 18 (CONTINUED) 32
TABLE 19 TYPICAL RARE EARTH CONTENT IN OTHER RARE
EARTH MINERALS (REO %) 32
TABLE 19 (CONTINUED) 33
TABLE 19 (CONTINUED) 34
TABLE 19 (CONTINUED) 35
TABLE 19 (CONTINUED) 36
TABLE 19 (CONTINUED) 37
TABLE 20 OCCURRENCE OF MINERALS CONTAINING RARE
EARTHS WORLDWIDE 37
TABLE 20 (CONTINUED) 38
TABLE 20 (CONTINUED) 39
MINERAL PROCESSING 39
RECENT PROCESS IMPROVEMENTS, 2009 TO PRESENT 40
Highly Efficient Separation of Rare Earth Elements 40
Environmentally Friendly Methods for Rare Earths
Separation 40
Rare Earth Recycling Process for Rechargeable Batteries 41
LATEST TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS, 2009 TO PRESENT 41
NANOPARTICLES FOR SOOT REDUCTION 41
FLUORESCENT LABELING COMPOUND 42
SINGLE CRYSTAL FOR PRODUCING A HIGHTEMPERATURE
PIEZOELECTRIC SENSOR 42
RARE EARTH NANORODS 43
RARE EARTH–ACTIVATED ALUMINUM NITRIDE POWDER
FOR WHITE LEDS 44
PYROCATALYTIC COATINGS FOR HEATING DEVICES 44
RARE EARTH GLOBAL PRODUCTION 45
SUMMARY OF GLOBAL PRODUCTION 45
TABLE 21 RARE EARTHS PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY, 2006–2011
(METRIC TONS) 46
INCREASING GAP BETWEEN PRODUCTION AND DEMAND 46
TABLE 22 RARE EARTHS PRODUCTION AND EXPORT IN CHINA,
2007–2011 (METRIC TONS) 47
CHAPTER FIVE: GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF RARE EARTH
RESOURCES 48
INTRODUCTION 48
NORTH AMERICA 49
UNITED STATES 49
Mountain Pass 49
TABLE 23 MOUNTAIN PASS, CALIFORNIA — TYPICAL ORE
COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 50
Iron Hill 50
TABLE 24 IRON HILL, COLORADO — CARBONATITE ORE
COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 51
TABLE 25 IRON HILL, COLORADO — PIROXENITE ORE
COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 52
Elk Creek 52
TABLE 26 ELK CREEK, NEBRASKA — TYPICAL ORE COMPOSITION
(PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 53
Round Top Mountain 53
TABLE 27 ROUND TOP MOUNTAIN, TEXAS — TYPICAL ORE
COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 54
Bear Lodge 54
TABLE 28 BEAR LODGE, WYOMING — TYPICAL ORE COMPOSITION
(PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 55
Bokan Mountain 55
TABLE 29 BOKAN MOUNTAIN, ALASKA — DOTSON ORE
COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 56
Other Resources 56
Summary of Rare Earths Resources in the US 57
TABLE 30 US RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 57
TABLE 30 (CONTINUED) 58
CANADA 58
Thor Lake 58
TABLE 31 THOR LAKE, CANADA — NECHALACHO ORE
COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 59
Eldor 59
TABLE 32 ELDOR, CANADA — ASHRAM ZONE ORE COMPOSITION
(PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 60
Wicheeda 60
Strange Lake 61
TABLE 33 STRANGE LAKE, CANADA — B-ZONE ORE COMPOSITION
(PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 62
Misery Lake 62
Oka 62
TABLE 34 OKA, CANADA — TYPICAL ORE COMPOSITION
(PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 63
Hoidas Lake 64
TABLE 35 HOIDAS LAKE, CANADA — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE
COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 64
Elliot Lake 65
TABLE 36 ELLIOT LAKE, CANADA — ECO RIDGE RARE EARTH ORE
COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 65
Other Resources 66
Kipawa 66
Eden Lake 66
Red Wine 67
Lancer 67
Summary of Rare Earths Resources in Canada 67
TABLE 37 CANADA RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 67
SOUTH AMERICA 68
BRAZIL 68
Monazite Placers 68
Other Resources 68
Morro dos Seis Lagos 68
Araxá 68
TABLE 38 ARAXÁ, BRAZIL — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE
COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 69
Catalão 70
TABLE 39 CATALÃO, BRAZIL — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE
COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 70
• REE in Fertilizers 71
Tapira 71
TABLE 40 TAPIRA, BRAZIL — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE
COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 72
Salitre 72
Pitinga 72
Morro do Ferro 73
TABLE 41 MORRO DO FERRO, BRAZIL – TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE
COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 73
Mato Preto 74
TABLE 42 MATO PRETO, BRAZIL — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE
COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 74
Summary of Rare Earths Resources in Brazil 74
TABLE 43 BRAZIL RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 75
ARGENTINA 75
Rodeo de Los Molles 75
Other Resources 75
EUROPE 75
SWEDEN 76
Norra Kärr 76
TABLE 44 NORRA KÄRR, SWEDEN — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE
COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 76
Other Resources 77
FINLAND 77
Otanmäki 77
TABLE 45 KATAJAKANGAS, FINLAND — TYPICAL RARE EARTH
ORE COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 78
Korsnäs 78
Kaatiala 79
Other Resources 79
NORWAY 79
Fen 79
GREENLAND 79
Kvanefjeld 79
TABLE 46 KVANEFJELD, GREENLAND — TYPICAL RARE EARTH
ORE COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 80
Motzfeldt 80
TABLE 47 MOTZFELDT, GREENLAND — TYPICAL RARE EARTH
ORE COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 81
Sarfartoq 81
AFRICA 82
SOUTH AFRICA 82
Zandkopsdrift 82
TABLE 48 ZANDKOPSDRIFT, SOUTH AFRICA — TYPICAL RARE
EARTH ORE COMPOSITIONS (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 82
Pilanesberg 83
TABLE 49 PILANESBERG, SOUTH AFRICA — TYPICAL RARE EARTH
ORE COMPOSITIONS (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 83
Phalaborwa 84
Steenkampskraal 84
TABLE 50 STEENKAMPSKRAAL, SOUTH AFRICA — TYPICAL RARE
EARTH ORE COMPOSITIONS (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 85
Monazite Sands 85
Summary of Rare Earths Resources in South Africa 86
TABLE 51 SOUTH AFRICA RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 86
OTHER STATES 86
Other States (Continued) 87
COMMONWEALTH OF INDEPENDENT STATES 88
RUSSIA 88
Lovozero 88
TABLE 52 LOVOZERO, RUSSIA — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE
COMPOSITIONS (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 88
TABLE 52 (CONTINUED) 89
Khibina 89
TABLE 53 KHIBINA, RUSSIA — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE
COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 90
Tomtor 90
Eastern Siberia and Far East of Russia 90
Summary of Rare Earths Resources in Russia 91
TABLE 54 RUSSIA RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 91
KYRGYZSTAN 91
Aktyuz 91
TABLE 55 KUTESSAI II, KYRGYZSTAN — TYPICAL RARE EARTH
ORE COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 92
Other Resources 93
Summary of Rare Earth Resources in Kyrgyzstan 93
TABLE 56 KYRGYZSTAN RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 93
KAZAKHSTAN 93
ASIA 94
INDIA 94
Monazite Placers 94
TABLE 57 INDIA — TYPICAL MONAZITE ORE COMPOSITION
(PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 95
CHINA 95
Bayan Obo 95
TABLE 58 BAYAN OBO, INNER MONGOLIA, CHINA — TYPICAL
BASTNÄSITE ORE COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 96
Weishan 96
Maoniuping 96
TABLE 59 MAONIUPING, SICHUAN, CHINA — TYPICAL ORE
COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 97
Ion-adsorption Clays 97
Other Resources 97
TABLE 60 SOUTHERN CHINA — TYPICAL MONAZITE ORE
COMPOSITION (% OF TOTAL REO) 98
Summary of Rare Earths Resources in China 98
TABLE 61 CHINA RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 98
VIETNAM 99
Nam Xe 99
Dong Pao 99
Monazite Placers 99
Summary of Rare Earths Resources in Vietnam 99
TABLE 62 VIETNAM RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 100
OTHER ASIAN RESOURCES 100
OCEANIA 101
AUSTRALIA 101
Olympic Dam 101
Mount Weld 101
TABLE 63 MT WELD, AUSTRALIA — ORE COMPOSITION (PERCENT
OF TOTAL REO) 102
Nolans Bore 102
TABLE 64 NOLANS BORE, AUSTRALIA — TYPICAL RARE EARTH
ORE COMPOSITIONS (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 103
Toongi 103
TABLE 65 TOONGI, AUSTRALIA — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE
COMPOSITIONS (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 104
Brockman 105
TABLE 66 BROCKMAN, AUSTRALIA — TYPICAL ORE COMPOSITION
(PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 105
Yangibana 105
TABLE 67 YANGIBANA, AUSTRALIA — TYPICAL RARE EARTH ORE
COMPOSITION (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 106
Cummins Range 106
TABLE 68 CUMMINS RANGE, AUSTRALIA — TYPICAL RARE EARTH
ORE COMPOSITIONS (PERCENT OF TOTAL REO) 107
Other Resources 107
Summary of Rare Earths Resources in Australia 108
TABLE 69 AUSTRALIA RARE EARTH RESOURCES, 2011 108
TABLE 69 (CONTINUED) 109
SUMMARY OF WORLD RESERVES OF RARE EARTHS 109
TABLE 70 GLOBAL RARE EARTH RESERVES, 2011 (METRIC TONS—
REO EQUIVALENT) 110
FIGURE 3 RARE EARTH RESERVES BY COUNTRY, 2011 (%) 111
TABLE 71 HREE-RICH DEPOSITS, 2011 112
STATUS REPORT OF MOST IMPORTANT PROJECTS 113
TABLE 72 STATUS REPORT OF VARIOUS PROJECTS WORLDWIDE,
2011 113
TABLE 72 (CONTINUED) 114
TABLE 72 (CONTINUED) 115
TABLE 72 (CONTINUED) 116
GLOBAL PRODUCTION FORECAST 117
PRODUCTION FORECAST BY COUNTRY 117
TABLE 73 RARE EARTHS PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY, 2011–2016
(METRIC TONS) 117
FIGURE 4 RARE EARTHS: GLOBAL PRODUCTION SHARE BY
COUNTRY, 2016 (%) 118
PRODUCTION FORECAST BY ELEMENT 119
TABLE 74 RARE EARTH PRODUCTION BY ELEMENT, 2016 (METRIC
TONS) 119
CHAPTER SIX: RARE EARTH PRICES 120
HISTORICAL PRICES OF BASIC RARE EARTH OXIDES 120
EARLY 1990S TO 2003 120
2003 TO 2009 120
FIGURE 5 PRICES FOR THE MAJOR RARE EARTH OXIDES, 1992–
2003, 99% PURITY CIF US (US $) 121
FIGURE 6 PRICES FOR THE MAJOR RARE EARTH OXIDES, 99%
PURITY FOB CHINA, 2003–2009 ($ US,) 122
RECENT PRICES 122
TABLE 75 RARE EARTHS AVERAGE UNIT PRICES, 99% PURITY,
FOB, THROUGH 2011 ($ US/KG) 123
VALUE COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT ORES 123
TABLE 76 VALUE OF ONE KILOGRAM OF REO FOR VARIOUS ORES
BASED ON 2011 PRICES ($/KG) 124
TABLE 76 (CONTINUED) 125
TABLE 77 REO RESOURCE VALUES FOR VARIOUS ORES, 2011 ($
BILLIONS) 125
TABLE 77 (CONTINUED) 126
TABLE 78 REO RESOURCE VALUES BY REGION, 2011 ($ BILLIONS) 127
TABLE 78 (CONTINUED) 128
FIGURE 7 VALUE OF RARE EARTH RESOURCES BY REGION, 2011
(%) 129
FUTURE PRICE TRENDS 129
CHINA'S PRODUCTION AND EXPORT POLICIES 130
RARE EARTH RECYCLING 130
MANUFACTURING RELOCATION 130
DEVELOPMENT OF ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTS 131
REE DEPOSIT DEVELOPMENT 131
SUPPLY VERSUS DEMAND 132
TABLE 79 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS AVERAGE UNIT PRICES,
99% PURITY, FOB, THROUGH 2016 (US$/KG) 133
CHAPTER SEVEN: GLOBAL MARKET 134
ANALYSIS OUTLINE 134
GLOBAL MARKET SUMMARY 134
MARKET SEGMENTATION BY INDUSTRY 134
Market Segmentation … (Continued) 135
TABLE 80 GLOBAL DEMAND FOR RARE EARTHS BY INDUSTRY,
THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS) 136
FIGURE 8 GLOBAL DEMAND FOR RARE EARTHS BY INDUSTRY,
2009–2016 (METRIC TONS) 137
FIGURE 9 RARE EARTHS CONSUMPTION SHARE BY INDUSTRY,
2011 AND 2016 (%) 138
FIGURE 9 (CONTINUED) 139
TABLE 81 GLOBAL MARKET FOR RARE EARTHS BY INDUSTRY,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 140
MARKET SEGMENTATION BY ELEMENT 140
TABLE 82 GLOBAL RARE EARTH CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT,
THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS REO) 141
FIGURE 10 RARE EARTHS: MARKET SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2011
AND 2016 (%) 141
FIGURE 10 (CONTINUED) 142
METALLURGICAL/MECHANICAL SECTOR 142
PERMANENT MAGNETS 143
Types 143
TABLE 83 MAIN TYPES OF PERMANENT MAGNETS, 2011 143
Applications 143
TABLE 84 CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF PERMANENT MAGNETS,
2011 144
TABLE 85 CURRENT RARE EARTH MAGNET APPLICATIONS, 2011 145
Current Market Summary 145
TABLE 86 PERMANENT MAGNETS: GLOBAL PRODUCTION BY
TYPE, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS) 146
FIGURE 11 PERMANENT MAGNETS: PRODUCTION SHARE BY
TYPE, 2011 (%) 146
FIGURE 11 (CONTINUED) 147
Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by
Magnet Type 147
TABLE 87 RARE EARTHS FOR PERMANENT MAGNETS: GLOBAL
CONSUMPTION BY MAGNET TYPE, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC
TONS REO) 147
TABLE 88 RARE EARTHS FOR PERMANENT MAGNETS: GLOBAL
REVENUES BY MAGNET TYPE, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS) 148
Consumption of Rare Earths by Element 148
TABLE 89 RARE EARTHS FOR PERMANENT MAGNETS: GLOBAL
CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS
REO) 148
FIGURE 12 RARE EARTHS FOR PERMANENT MAGNETS:
CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2011 (%) 149
Market Growth Trends 149
Electric and Hybrid Vehicles 149
TABLE 90 FORECAST — ELECTRIC AND HYBRID VEHICLES:
GLOBAL REVENUES, THROUGH 2016 ($ BILLIONS) 150
Wind Turbines 150
Electronics 150
Market Forecast 151
TABLE 91 FORECAST — PERMANENT MAGNETS: GLOBAL
PRODUCTION BY TYPE, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS) 151
FIGURE 13 FORECAST — PERMANENT MAGNETS: PRODUCTION
SHARE BY TYPE, 2016 (%) 152
Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by
Magnet Type 152
TABLE 92 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR PERMANENT
MAGNETS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY MAGNET TYPE,
THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS REO) 153
TABLE 93 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR PERMANENT
MAGNETS: GLOBAL REVENUES BY MAGNET TYPE, 2011
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 153
Consumption of Rare Earths by Element 153
TABLE 94 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR PERMANENT
MAGNETS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH
2016 (METRIC TONS REO) 154
FIGURE 14 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR PERMANENT
MAGNETS: CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2016 (%) 154
FIGURE 14 (CONTINUED) 155
METALLURGICAL ALLOYS 155
Rare Earth Elements for Metallurgy 155
TABLE 95 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FOR METALLURGY, 2011 155
TABLE 95 (CONTINUED) 156
Current Market Summary 156
TABLE 96 HIGH-PERFORMANCE ALLOYS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION,
THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS) 157
TABLE 97 RARE EARTHS FOR METALLURGY: GLOBAL
CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS) 157
Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by
Element 157
TABLE 98 RARE EARTHS FOR METALLURGY: GLOBAL
CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS
REO) 158
FIGURE 15 RARE EARTHS FOR METALLURGY: CONSUMPTION
SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2011 (%) 158
FIGURE 15 (CONTINUED) 159
TABLE 99 RARE EARTHS FOR METALLURGY: GLOBAL REVENUES
BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS) 159
Market Growth Trends 159
TABLE 100 FORECAST — HIGH-PERFORMANCE ALLOYS: GLOBAL
CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS) 160
Market Forecast 160
TABLE 101 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR METALLURGY:
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS) 160
Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by
Element 160
TABLE 102 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR METALLURGY:
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC
TONS REO) 161
FIGURE 16 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR METALLURGY:
CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2016 (%) 161
FIGURE 16 (CONTINUED) 162
TABLE 103 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR METALLURGY:
GLOBAL REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 162
GLASS/CERAMICS SECTOR 162
TABLE 104 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FOR GLASS AND CERAMICS,
2011 163
CURRENT MARKET SUMMARY 164
TABLE 105 RARE EARTHS FOR GLASS AND CERAMICS: GLOBAL
CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS) 164
Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 164
TABLE 106 RARE EARTHS FOR GLASS AND CERAMICS: GLOBAL
CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS
REO) 165
FIGURE 17 RARE EARTHS FOR GLASS AND CERAMICS:
CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2011 (%) 165
FIGURE 17 (CONTINUED) 166
TABLE 107 RARE EARTHS FOR GLASS AND CERAMICS: GLOBAL
REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS) 166
MARKET GROWTH TRENDS 166
Polishing Compounds 166
TABLE 108 FORECAST — CMP SLURRIES: GLOBAL REVENUES BY
MATERIAL TYPE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 167
TABLE 109 FORECAST — ADVANCED DISPLAYS: GLOBAL
REVENUES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2016 ($ BILLIONS) 168
Advanced Ceramics 168
TABLE 110 GLOBAL MARKET FOR ADVANCED CERAMICS,
THROUGH 2016 ($ BILLIONS) 168
Glass 169
TABLE 111 FORECAST — GLASS MARKETS FOR RARE EARTHS:
GLOBAL REVENUES BY SECTOR, THROUGH 2016 ($ BILLIONS) 169
MARKET FORECAST 169
TABLE 112 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR GLASS AND
CERAMICS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC
TONS) 170
Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 170
TABLE 113 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR GLASS AND
CERAMICS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH
2016 (METRIC TONS REO) 170
FIGURE 18 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR GLASS AND
CERAMICS: CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2016 (%) 171
TABLE 114 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR GLASS AND
CERAMICS: GLOBAL REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016
($ MILLIONS) 172
ELECTRONICS, OPTICS, AND OPTOELECTRONICS 172
TABLE 115 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FOR ELECTRONICS, OPTICS,
AND OPTOELECTRONICS, 2011 173
TABLE 115 (CONTINUED) 174
CURRENT MARKET SUMMARY 174
TABLE 116 RARE EARTHS FOR ELECTRONICS, OPTICS, AND
OPTOELECTRONICS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2011
(METRIC TONS) 175
Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 175
TABLE 117 RARE EARTHS FOR ELECTRONICS, OPTICS, AND
OPTOELECTRONICS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT,
THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS REO) 176
FIGURE 19 RARE EARTHS FOR ELECTRONICS, OPTICS, AND
OPTOELECTRONICS: CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2011
(%) 176
FIGURE 19 (CONTINUED) 177
TABLE 118 RARE EARTHS FOR ELECTRONICS, OPTICS, AND
OPTOELECTRONICS: GLOBAL REVENUES BY ELEMENT,
THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS) 177
MARKET GROWTH TRENDS 177
Advanced Displays 177
Light-Emitting Diodes 178
Lasers 178
Optical Fibers 178
TABLE 119 FORECAST — OPTICAL FIBERS: GLOBAL MARKET,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS/MILLIONS OF KILOMETERS) 179
Microelectronics 179
TABLE 120 SEMICONDUCTORS: REVENUES BY REGION, THROUGH
2016 ($BILLIONS) 179
MARKET FORECAST 180
TABLE 121 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR ELECTRONICS,
OPTICS, AND OPTOELECTRONICS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION,
THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS) 180
Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 180
TABLE 122 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR ELECTRONICS,
OPTICS, AND OPTOELECTRONICS: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY
ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS REO) 181
FIGURE 20 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR ELECTRONICS,
OPTICS, AND OPTOELECTRONICS: CONSUMPTION SHARE BY
ELEMENT, 2016 (%) 181
FIGURE 20 (CONTINUED) 182
TABLE 123 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR ELECTRONICS,
OPTICS, AND OPTOELECTRONICS: GLOBAL REVENUES BY
ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 182
CHEMICAL SECTOR 182
TABLE 124 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FOR THE CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY, 2011 183
TABLE 124 (CONTINUED) 184
CURRENT MARKET SUMMARY 184
TABLE 125 RARE EARTHS FOR THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS) 185
Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 185
TABLE 126 RARE EARTHS FOR THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC
TONS REO) 185
FIGURE 21 RARE EARTHS FOR THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:
CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2011 (%) 186
TABLE 127 RARE EARTHS FOR THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY:
GLOBAL REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 ($
MILLIONS) 187
MARKET GROWTH TRENDS 187
TABLE 128 FORECAST — CATALYSTS AND PHOTOCATALYSTS:
GLOBAL REVENUES, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 188
MARKET FORECAST 188
TABLE 129 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR THE CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC
TONS) 188
Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 189
TABLE 130 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR THE CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH
2016 (METRIC TONS REO) 189
FIGURE 22 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR THE CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY: CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2016 (%) 190
TABLE 131 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR THE CHEMICAL
INDUSTRY: GLOBAL REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016
($ MILLIONS) 191
ENERGY SECTOR 191
TABLE 132 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FOR THE ENERGY SECTOR,
2011 192
CURRENT MARKET SUMMARY 192
TABLE 133 RARE EARTHS FOR THE ENERGY SECTOR: GLOBAL
CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS) 193
Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 193
TABLE 134 RARE EARTHS FOR THE ENERGY SECTOR: GLOBAL
CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS
REO) 193
FIGURE 23 RARE EARTHS FOR THE ENERGY SECTOR:
CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2011 (%) 194
TABLE 135 RARE EARTHS FOR THE ENERGY SECTOR: GLOBAL
REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS) 195
MARKET GROWTH TRENDS 195
Batteries 195
High-Temperature Superconductors 196
TABLE 136 FORECAST — SUPERCONDUCTORS: GLOBAL
REVENUES BY TYPE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 196
Fuel Cells 196
TABLE 137 FORECAST — FUEL CELLS: GLOBAL REVENUES BY
TYPE, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 197
Solar Cells and Other Applications 197
TABLE 138 FORECAST — PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES: GLOBAL
PRODUCTION BY TYPE, THROUGH 2016 (MW) 198
MARKET FORECAST 198
TABLE 139 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR THE ENERGY
SECTOR: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC
TONS) 199
Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 199
TABLE 140 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR THE ENERGY
SECTOR: GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016
(METRIC TONS REO) 199
FIGURE 24 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR THE ENERGY
SECTOR: CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2016 (%) 200
TABLE 141 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR THE ENERGY
SECTOR: GLOBAL REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 201
OTHER SECTORS 201
TABLE 142 RARE EARTH ELEMENTS FOR OTHER SECTORS, 2011 202
TABLE 142 (CONTINUED) 203
CURRENT MARKET SUMMARY 203
TABLE 143 RARE EARTHS FOR OTHER SECTORS: GLOBAL
CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS) 204
Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 204
TABLE 144 RARE EARTHS FOR THE OTHER SECTORS: GLOBAL
CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 (METRIC TONS
REO) 204
FIGURE 25 RARE EARTHS FOR OTHER SECTORS: CONSUMPTION
SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2011 (%) 205
TABLE 145 RARE EARTHS FOR OTHER SECTORS: GLOBAL
REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2011 ($ MILLIONS) 206
MARKET GROWTH TRENDS 206
TABLE 146 FORECAST — VARIOUS APPLICATIONS OF RARE
EARTHS IN THE LIFE SCIENCES, SENSORS AND
INSTRUMENTATION, AND CONSUMER SECTORS: GLOBAL
REVENUES, THROUGH 2016 ($ BILLIONS) 206
MARKET FORECAST 207
TABLE 147 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR OTHER SECTORS:
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS) 207
Consumption and Revenues of Rare Earths by Element 207
TABLE 148 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR OTHER SECTORS:
GLOBAL CONSUMPTION BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC
TONS REO) 208
FIGURE 26 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR OTHER SECTORS:
CONSUMPTION SHARE BY ELEMENT, 2016 (%) 208
FIGURE 26 (CONTINUED) 209
TABLE 149 FORECAST — RARE EARTHS FOR OTHER SECTORS:
GLOBAL REVENUES BY ELEMENT, THROUGH 2016 ($
MILLIONS) 209
CHAPTER EIGHT: GLOBAL INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 210
MINERS AND SUPPLIERS OF RARE EARTHS 210
TABLE 150 MINERS AND SUPPLIERS OF RARE EARTHS, 2011 211
TABLE 150 (CONTINUED) 212
TABLE 150 (CONTINUED) 213
TABLE 150 (CONTINUED) 214
TABLE 150 (CONTINUED) 215
TABLE 150 (CONTINUED) 216
TABLE 150 (CONTINUED) 217
TABLE 151 GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF KEY PLAYERS, 2011
(NUMBER OF COMPANIES) 218
OTHER KEY PLAYERS IN THE RARE EARTH INDUSTRY 218
TABLE 152 OTHER RELEVANT INDUSTRY PLAYERS, 2011 218
TABLE 152 (CONTINUED) 219
NOTABLE RECENT INDUSTRY CHANGES 219
TABLE 153 NOTABLE INDUSTRY CHANGES SINCE 2009 219
TABLE 153 (CONTINUED) 220
RARE EARTHS PRODUCTION BY REGION 220
TABLE 154 RARE EARTHS PRODUCTION BY REGION, THROUGH
2016 (METRIC TONS) 221
RARE EARTHS CONSUMPTION BY REGION 221
TABLE 155 RARE EARTHS CONSUMPTION BY REGION, THROUGH
2016 (METRIC TONS) 222
COMPANY PROFILES 222
AGC SEIMI CHEMICAL 222
ARAFURA RESOURCES 223
BAOTOU STEEL RARE EARTH HIGH-TECH 224
Baotou Rare Earth 224
Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths 225
CHINA MINMETALS 226
CHINA RARE EARTH HOLDINGS 227
DANDONG JINLONG RARE EARTH 228
FERRO CORPORATION 229
GANSU RARE EARTH GROUP 230
INDIAN RARE EARTHS 231
Indian Rare Earths (Continued) 232
IRTYSH RARE EARTHS 233
LYNAS CORPORATION 233
Lynas Corporation (Continued) 234
MITSUI MINING AND SMELTING 235
Nippon Yttrium 236
MOLYCORP 236
Molycorp (Continued) 237
NEO MATERIAL TECHNOLOGIES 238
Neo Material Technologies (Continued) 239
RHODIA 240
Rhodia (Continued) 241
SANTOKU CORPORATION 242
Santoku Corporation (Continued) 243
SHIN-ETSU CHEMICAL CO, LTD 244
Shin-Etsu Chemical Co, Ltd (Continued) 245
SHOWA DENKO 246
SUMMIT ATOM RARE EARTH COMPANY 247
TREIBACHER INDUSTRIE 248
Treibacher Industrie (Continued) 249
Treibacher Industrie (Continued) 250
CHAPTER NINE: US PATENT ANALYSIS 251
INTRODUCTION 251
SUMMARY OF PATENTS AWARDED DURING THE PERIOD 2009
THROUGH 2011 251
TABLE 156 RARE EARTHS — US PATENTS, 2011 252
TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 253
TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 254
TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 255
TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 256
TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 257
TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 258
TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 259
TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 260
TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 261
TABLE 156 (CONTINUED) 262
TABLE 157 RARE EARTHS — US PATENTS, 2010 263
TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 264
TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 265
TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 266
TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 267
TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 268
TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 269
TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 270
TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 271
TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 272
TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 273
TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 274
TABLE 157 (CONTINUED) 275
TABLE 158 RARE EARTHS — US PATENTS, 2009 276
TABLE 158 (CONTINUED) 277
TABLE 158 (CONTINUED) 278
TABLE 158 (CONTINUED) 279
TABLE 158 (CONTINUED) 280
TABLE 158 (CONTINUED) 281
TABLE 158 (CONTINUED) 282
TABLE 158 (CONTINUED) 283
GENERAL TRENDS 284
TABLE 159 RARE EARTHS: US PATENT TRENDS, 2009–2011 284
FIGURE 27 RARE EARTHS: US PATENT TRENDS, 2009–2011
(NUMBER OF PATENTS) 285
TRENDS BY COUNTRY AND REGION 285
FIGURE 28 SHARES OF US PATENTS RELATED TO RARE
EARTHS BY REGION, 2009–2011 (%) 286
FIGURE 29 RARE EARTHS: PATENTS BY COUNTRY, 2009–2011 (%) 287
FIGURE 29 (CONTINUED) 288
TRENDS BY ASSIGNEE 288
TRENDS BY ASSIGNEE (CONTINUED) 289
TABLE 160 ASSIGNEES OF US PATENTS RELATED TO RARE
EARTHS, 2009–2011 289
TABLE 160 (CONTINUED) 290
TABLE 160 (CONTINUED) 291
TABLE 160 (CONTINUED) 292
TABLE 160 (CONTINUED) 293
TABLE 160 (CONTINUED) 294
TABLE 160 (CONTINUED) 295
TRENDS BY PATENT CATEGORY 295
FIGURE 30 RARE EARTHS: SHARES OF US PATENTS BY
CATEGORY, 2009–2011 (%) 296
TRENDS BY APPLICATION 296
TRENDS BY APPLICATION (CONTINUED) 297
FIGURE 31 RARE EARTHS: SHARES OF US PATENTS BY
APPLICATION, 2009–2011 (%) 298
TRENDS BY RARE EARTH TYPE 299
FIGURE 32 RARE EARTHS: SHARES OF US PATENTS BY
MATERIAL TYPE, 2009–2011 (%) 300
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