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Una ricerca di qualità dimostra i costanti benefici dei dolcificanti ipocalorici nel controllo del peso
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News provided by

International Sweeteners Association (ISA)

Jul 17, 2017, 12:42 ET

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BRUXELLES, July 17, 2017 /PRNewswire/ --

Dichiarazione dell'ISA in risposta allo studio di Azad et al.   

Le conclusioni della nuova revisione sistematica di Azad et al.[1] che i dolcificanti a basso tasso calorico possano essere legati al rischio di ingrassamento e malattie cardiache sulla base di risultati derivanti da studi osservazionali di coorte non sono supportate da prove collettive provenienti da studi di intervento umano ben strutturate e da precedenti revisioni sistematiche approfondite e meta-analisi[2],[3]. Ciò che è più importante, queste affermazioni non sono confermate dai risultati delle meta-analisi da studi controllati randomizzati (RCT) condotti dagli autori di questa ricerca.

In realtà, un forte bagaglio di test umani hanno costantemente dimostrato che i dolcificanti ipocalorici possono essere benèfici per il controllo del peso, ove usati al posto dello zucchero e inseriti in una dieta e uno stile di vita sani. Contrariamente a quanto asserito nello studio di Azad et al., gli studi osservazionali di coorte, per come sono concepiti, non possono fornire prova che i dolcificanti a basso tasso calorico siano legati ad ingrassamento e malattie cardiache, poiché sono soggetti a indicazioni orientate e non si possono escludere nessi di causalità inversi. Soprattutto, non c'è un solo studio controllato randomizzato pubblicato, regola d'oro nella ricerca nutrizionale, che abbia mostrato che i dolcificanti ipocalorici possano portare a ingrassamento o a qualsiasi effetto negativo sulla salute.

Per contestualizzare i risultati della pubblicazione di Azad et al., alcuni studi osservazionali mostrano in realtà che persone sovrappeso o obese e individui con diabete o altre patologie cardiometaboliche che solitamente accompagnano l'obesità tendono ad usare più frequentemente i dolcificanti ipocalorici. Tuttavia, questo può avvenire nel loro tentativo e nella strategia di ridurre la loro assunzione di calorie e zucchero, che è una comune raccomandazione dietetica in tali condizioni di salute. Inoltre, nella maggior parte degli studi osservazionali, gli aggiustamenti per le variabili relative all'adiposità si attenuano o abbassano le relazioni osservate, portando ad associazioni non più significative.[4]

Per attribuire l'osservazione di tassi di obesità più alti nei consumatori abituali di dolcificanti ipocalorici all'uso dei dolcificanti stessi, invece che ad altri fattori di confondimento non misurati, alla scopo di provare un nesso di causalità, un esame di controllo randomizzato si rende necessario. Questo è l'unico modello di esame negli studi umani che assurga al livello di dimostrare causa ed effetto, e nel caso dell'effetto dei dolcificanti ipocalorici sul peso corporeo, la prova che viene dagli RCT è chiara e mostra costantemente un moderato beneficio dell'uso dei dolcificanti ipocalorici nella perdita e mantenimento del peso.[2],[3] Soprattutto, studi di più lunga durata hanno dimostrato maggiore perdita e mantenimento di peso con l'uso dei dolcificanti ipocalorici.[5],[6]

Sorprendentemente, gli autori sostengono anche che 'la prova degli RCT non supporta chiaramente i benefici previsti per i dolcificanti non nutritivi per la gestione del peso', tuttavia, i criteri di selezione  usati per la meta-analisi degli RCT in questo studio hanno portato all'esclusione di parecchi studi clinici ben congegnati che erano stati inclusi in una precedente e approfondita revisione sistematica e meta-analisi da parte di Rogers et al.[3]

In un'epoca in cui l'obesità e le condizioni di salute ad essa collegate crescono, i dolcificanti ipocalorici possono essere uno strumento dietetico efficace come parte integrante di una dieta bilanciata e uno stile di vita sano, e sulla base dell'equilibrio di forte evidenza si conclude che, in generale, il loro uso al posto dello zucchero porta ad un ridotto apporto calorico e ad un moderato calo di peso.

Nota per i redattori:
Per maggiori informazioni sui dolcificanti ipocalorici si prega di visitare http://www.sweeteners.org o contattare la segreteria ISA cliccando qui.

Riferimenti:  

  1. Azad M., Abou-Setta AM., Chauhan BF., et al. Nonnutritive sweeteners and cardiometabolic health: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and prospective cohort studies. Canadian Medical Association Journal, July 2017; 189: E929-39
  2. Miller PE, Perez V. Low-calorie sweeteners and body weight and composition: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 100: 765-77.
  3. Rogers PJ, Hogenkamp PS, de Graaf C, et al. Does low-energy sweetener consumption affect energy intake and body weight? A systematic review, including meta-analyses, of the evidence from human and animal studies. Int J Obes (Lond) 2016; 40: 381-94.
  4. Romo-Romo A., Aguilar-Salinas CA, Gomez-Diaz RA., et al. Non-nutritive sweeteners: Evidence on their association with metabolic diseases and potential effects on glucose metabolism and appetite. Rev Invest Clin. Maggio-giugno 2017; 69(3): 129-138
  5. Blackburn GL, Kanders BS, Lavin PT, et al. The effect of aspartame as part of a multidisciplinary weight-control program on short- and long-term control of body weight. Am J Clin Nutr 1997; 65: 409-18
  6. Peters JC, Beck J, Cardel M, et al. The effects of water and non-nutritive sweetened beverages on weight loss and weight maintenance: a randomized clinical trial. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2016; 24: 297-304

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