Census Bureau News -- Maternity Leave and Employment Patterns of First-Time Mothers: 1961-2008

Half of First-Time Mothers Receive Paid Leave, Census Bureau Reports

WASHINGTON, Nov. 10, 2011 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Fifty-one percent of working women who had their first birth between 2006 and 2008 received paid leave (i.e. maternity leave, sick leave, vacation) compared with 42 percent between 1996 and 2000, according to a report released today  by the U.S. Census Bureau.

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This finding comes from Maternity Leave and Employment Patterns of First-Time Mothers: 1961-2008, a report that analyzes trends in women's work experience before their first child, identifies their maternity leave arrangements before and after the birth and examines how rapidly they returned to work.

"The last three decades have seen major changes in the work patterns of expectant mothers," said Lynda Laughlin, a family demographer at the Census Bureau. "Access to paid leave makes it possible for mothers to care for their newborns and maintain financial stability."

The likelihood that a mother has access to paid leave varies with age, hours worked and education. About 24 percent of women under age 22 used paid leave compared with 61 percent of women 25 and older. Full-time workers were more likely to use paid-leave benefits than part-time workers (56 percent and 21 percent, respectively). Women who have not graduated from high school are less likely to use paid maternity leave as women who have graduated from college.

Other highlights:

• Women are more likely to work while pregnant than they did in the 1960s. Two-thirds (66 percent) of women who had their first birth between 2006 and 2008 worked during pregnancy, compared with 44 percent who had their first birth between 1961 and 1965.  Eight out of 10 (82 percent) working women who had their first birth between 2006 and 2008 worked within one month of their child's birth compared with 73 percent of working women who gave birth to their first child between 1991 and 1995.
• Older mothers are more likely than younger mothers to work closer to the end of their pregnancies. Sixty-seven percent of mothers 22 and older worked into the last month of their pregnancy, compared with 56 percent of mothers less than age 22.
• Four out of 10 (42 percent) women received unpaid maternity leave. Both paid and unpaid maternity leave were more likely to be used after birth than before.
• Twenty-two percent of first time mothers quit their jobs – 16 percent while they were pregnant and another 6 percent by 12 weeks after their child's birth.
• Women who worked during their pregnancy are more likely to return to work within three to five months compared with women who did not work before the birth of their first child.
• Eight out of 10 mothers who worked during their pregnancy returned to work within a year of their child's birth to the same employer. About seven out of 10 of these women returned to a job at the same pay, skill level and hours worked per week.
• Two out of 10 mothers switched employers when returning to work. These mothers experienced greater job changes compared with mothers who returned to the same employer. One out of four was employed at a new job that had comparable pay, skill level and hours worked.

This report is one of several related to children and families to have been released recently or that will be released soon by the Census Bureau, including Custodial Mothers and Fathers and Their Child Support: 2009, America's Families and Living Arrangements: 2011, Who's Minding the Kids? Child Care Arrangements: Spring 2010 and Comparing Program Participation of TANF and non-TANF Families Before and During a Time of Recession.

These data were collected from 2008 panel in the Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP). Previously published results from the 1984, 1985, 1996, 2001 and 2004 SIPP panels are also included. As in all surveys, these data are subject to sampling and nonsampling error. For further information on the source of the data and accuracy of the estimates, including standard errors and confidence intervals, go to http://www.census.gov/sipp/source.html.

Editor's note: The report can be accessed at: http://www.census.gov/prod/2011pubs/p70-128.pdf.

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Contact:

Vicki Glasier
Public Information Office
301-763-3030/3762 (fax)
email: [email protected]

SOURCE U.S. Census Bureau