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Novo relatório avalia programas destinados a melhorar a vida em favelas da América Latina
  • USA - English
  • Latin America - español

Regularização de assentamentos informais na América Latina visa entregar escrituras públicas e promover melhorias


News provided by

Lincoln Institute of Land Policy

May 10, 2011, 07:05 ET

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CAMBRIDGE, Massachusetts, 10 de maio de 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Melhorar as condições de vida em assentamentos informais, já existentes em cidades da América Latina, é um objetivo necessário e meritório, mas os programas para "regularizar" esses lugares têm apresentado resultados confusos até agora, diz um novo relatório do Lincoln Institute.

As duas principais medidas para a regularização – a do Peru, que busca legalizar lotes através da entrega de escrituras públicas aos ocupantes da propriedade, e a do Brasil, uma ação mais ampla que combina a entrega de escrituras com uma extensa melhoria de serviços públicos – estão abaixo das expectativas. A concessão de escrituras, por si mesma, é relativamente barata, mas não tem alavancado melhorias nas comunidades. Por sua vez, programas de melhorias são muito mais dispendiosos e podem estimular a formação de novos assentamentos irregulares por parte de pessoas que esperam se beneficiar de futuros projetos.

A falta de receitas destinadas à regularização tem inibido a ampliação de tais programas. Os programas de regularização podem ser mais autossustentáveis com a cobrança de imposto predial e territorial urbano (IPTU) e de outros encargos que possam refletir uma porção da valorização da terra, graças a melhorias de infra-estrutura e de serviços públicos, de acordo com o relatório Regularização de Assentamentos Informais na América Latina, o último "Policy Focus Report" publicado pelo Lincoln Institute of Land Policy.

"Medidas personalizadas, custo-eficientes e sustentáveis para promover melhorias têm o potencial de melhorar as vidas de muitos milhões de pessoas que vivem em assentamentos irregulares", disse o presidente do Lincoln Institute, Gregory K. Ingram. "Mas a regularização é um trabalho ainda em curso e precisamos saber mais sobre o que realmente funciona", afirmou.

O reconhecimento legal é progressivamente visto como o único remédio realista para assentamentos informais, porque o despejo e o deslocamento em massa para novos projetos habitacionais públicos não são tolerados, nem economicamente factíveis na maioria dos países. Entretanto, "os programas de regularização precisam ser elaborados com cuidado, para evitar que as condições se tornem ainda piores para os residentes de baixa renda, os mesmos que os programas se destinam a ajudar, ou que sirvam para estimular a criação de novos assentamentos informais", disse o autor do relatório, Edesio Fernandes, advogado e especialista internacional em regularização, que foi um professor visitante do Lincoln Institute no período 2008-2009.

O relatório avalia, primeiramente, a limitada legalização de posse através de escritura, empreendida pelo Peru, uma abordagem inspirada por Hernando de Soto. De 1996 a 2006, o Peru lavrou mais de 1,5 milhão de escrituras de propriedades livres e alodiais, a um custo médio de US$64 por unidade familiar. Os programas mais amplos de regularização do Brasil, que combinam a entrega de escrituras com melhorias de serviços públicos, criação de empregos e iniciativas de apoio comunitário, têm um custo de US$ 3.500 a US$ 5.000 por unidade familiar.

O relatório Regularization of Informal Settlements in Latin America, que será traduzido para o espanhol e o português, recomenda maior avaliação e pesquisa, o uso de sistemas de concessão de escrituras públicas mais apropriados (propriedade livre e alodial, propriedade arrendada, cooperativas, trustes sobre bens imóveis ou propriedade comunitária) e a participação de homens e mulheres para evitar o desenvolvimento de preconceito de sexo na elaboração de políticas e programas.

"Embora a regularização plena seguiu um passo lento na maioria dos casos e a maioria dos programas ficou aquém das expectativas originais, as cidades da América Latina estão se dando conta de que resolver o problema da informalidade no local é agora uma exigência política. Permanecer alheio a políticas de regularização não é mais uma opção", diz o diretor do Programa para a América Latina e Caribe do Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, Martim O. Smolka. "O desafio de longo prazo é fornecer infra-estrutura e serviços de uma maneira sustentável e a preços acessíveis, prevenindo ocupações ilegais", declarou.

O Lincoln Institute se interessa há muito tempo em descobrir uma forma de resolver o problema da informalidade e seus impactos. Veja http://www.lincolninst.edu/aboutlincoln/latin-america-caribbean.asp. O Lincoln Institute of Land Policy é um recurso importante para questões relativas ao uso, regulamentação e tributação da terra. Com o fornecimento de educação e pesquisa de alta qualidade, o instituto se esforça para aperfeiçoar as discussões e as decisões públicas sobre a política da terra.

Para mais informações, visite http://atlincolnhouse.typepad.com/pressroom/2011/05/report-assesses-programs-to-improve-latin-americas-slums.html

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