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A evolução da terapia gênica no tratamento de doenças raras - Por Guilherme Baldo


News provided by

Guilherme Baldo

Apr 23, 2020, 13:00 ET

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SÃO PAULO, 23 de abril de 2020 /PRNewswire/ -- Com mais de 50 anos de história, a terapia gênica já é uma realidade possível.¹ Alvo de centenas de estudos espalhados pelo mundo, incluindo o Brasil, esse tipo de tratamento já foi liberado por agências de saúde locais de diferentes países, como nos Estados Unidos e, mais recentemente, no Brasil também. 2,3 Essa evolução é resultado do trabalho incansável de cientistas em busca de um tratamento mais eficaz para uma série de doenças, mas o sequenciamento do genoma humano e a decodificação de informações obtidas a partir dele, serviram como importante ponto de partida para essa mudança.4

Com a terapia gênica, é possível inserir, retirar ou mesmo substituir determinado material genético¹. Sendo assim, torna-se compreensível a eficácia do tratamento quando utilizado em pacientes com doenças raras, justamente pela possibilidade de correção de genes defeituosos. A técnica, porém, também pode ser benéfica em outras enfermidades. Pesquisadores brasileiros e internacionais já comprovaram o benefício deste tratamento para doenças oncológicas, hematológicas, oftalmológicas e até mesmo no combate ao HIV. 5,6,7,8

Eis então a pergunta que sempre surge: quais doenças serão beneficiadas pela terapia gênica? Provavelmente,  aquelas doenças em que, mesmo quando existe apenas a produção de uma proteína em quantidades moderadas, já há uma melhora clínica. Como exemplo, temos a hemofilia e os erros inatos do metabolismo. A hemofilia é uma doença genética rara e hereditária ligada ao cromossomo X, causada por deficiência do Fator VIII (hemofilia A) ou do Fator IX (hemofilia B) da coagulação sanguínea, o que torna os pacientes mais suscetíveis a sangramentos internos e externos, resultando em dores e complicações graves.1

Já os erros inatos do metabolismo são distúrbios de natureza genética caracterizados por um defeito na produção de uma determinada enzima como ocorre nas mucopolissacaridoses, na Doença de Pompe, entre outras.9 Vale destacar que ainda não existe nenhuma terapia gênica aprovada para o tratamento de hemofilia e erros inatos do metabolismo no mundo, de modo que a segurança e eficácia desses tratamentos ainda não foram determinadas por órgãos reguladores.

Na terapia gênica, pode-se usar a forma In Vivo,  abordagem em que a alteração do gene ocorre após sua administração diretamente no paciente.¹ Outra alternativa possível é a terapia gênica Ex Vivo, quando é recolhida uma amostra de células do paciente, e, em laboratório, modifica-se ou se substitui genes nestas células, que serão transplantadas posteriormente no paciente.¹

Para ambas as formas, se faz necessário um vetor de transporte, ou seja, um "carregador" que atravesse a membrana da célula de forma íntegra, levando o material genético em segurança¹. Os vetores mais usados hoje são partículas derivadas de vírus, preparados em laboratórios onde são anuladas qualquer nocividade viral¹.

Com mais esse possível recurso conseguiremos ajudar um número cada vez maior de pacientes. Lidaremos com desafios? Claro. Afinal, não estamos falando de terapias baratas. Mas não tenho dúvidas de que a terapia gênica poderá nos surpreender bastante e, o melhor, de forma bem positiva.

Por Guilherme Baldo, professor de Fisiologia Genética da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul

Referências:

1.  American Society of Gene and Cell Therapy. Disponível em: https://www.asgct.org/. Acesso em abril de 2020.
2.  Food and Drug Association (FDA). Disponível em: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-blood-biologics/cellular-gene-therapy-products/approved-cellular-and-gene-therapy-products. Acesso em abril de 2020.
3.  Governo do Brasil. Disponível em: https://www.gov.br/pt-br/noticias/saude-e-vigilancia-sanitaria/2020/03/comissao-de-biosseguranca-aprova-produto-para-terapia-genetica-no-brasil 
4.  National Human Genome Research Institute. Disponível em: https://www.genome.gov/human-genome-project. Acesso em abril de 2020.
5.  Nature. Disponível em: https://www.nature.com/cgt/. Acesso em abril de 2020.
6.  Ash Clinical News. Disponível em: https://www.ashclinicalnews.org/spotlight/future-hold-gene-therapy-nonmalignant-hematology/. Acesso em abril de 2020.
7.  Disponível em: Science Direct. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1319453413000258. Acesso em abril de 2020.
8.  National Center for Biotechnology Information. Disponível em: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29256135. Acesso em abril de 2020.
9.  Muitos Somos Raros. Disponível em: https://muitossomosraros.com.br/doencas-raras/geneticas/erros-inatos-do-metabolismo/. Acesso em abril de 2020.

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