CountryFocus: Healthcare, Regulatory and Reimbursement Landscape - US
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CountryFocus: Healthcare, Regulatory and Reimbursement Landscape - US
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CountryFocus: Healthcare, Regulatory and Reimbursement Landscape - US
Summary
GlobalData, the industry analysis specialist, has released its new report, "CountryFocus: Healthcare, Regulatory and Reimbursement Landscape - US". The report is an essential source of information and analysis on the healthcare, regulatory and reimbursement landscape of US. The report identifies the key trends in the healthcare market of US. The report also provides insights on the demographic, regulatory, reimbursement landscape and healthcare infrastructure of US. Most importantly, the report provides valuable insights on the trends and segmentation of the pharmaceutical and medical devices market. This report is built using data and information sourced from proprietary databases, secondary research and in-house analysis by GlobalData's team of industry experts.
In 2012, US was the third most populated country in the world with a population of approximately 316.2 million. The population of US is increasing at a slow rate of growth due to a negative balance between the mortality and birth rate and low fertility rate. The decline in the population of the working age group and the increasing elderly population are matters of concern for US policy planners. The pharmaceutical market in US was estimated at approximately $359 billion in 2012 and is expected to reach approximately $475 billion by 2020, with a projected CAGR of 3.5%. The medical device market size was approximately $138.9 billion in 2012 and is expected to reach approximately $206 billion by 2020, at a projected CAGR of 5.1%.
Scope
The report provides information on the healthcare, regulatory and reimbursement landscape of US. The Scope of the report includes -
- An overview of the pharmaceutical and medical devices market of US including the market size, market segmentation, key drivers and barriers for the market.
- Profiles and SWOT analyses of the major players in the pharmaceutical and medical devices market. Key players covered in the pharmaceutical market are Pfizer, Merck & Co., Roche, Abbott and Novartis. Key players covered for the medical devices market are Medtronic, Boston Scientific, Abbott, GlaxoSmithKline and Siemens Healthcare.
- An insightful review on the reimbursement and regulatory landscape. Analysis includes details of the healthcare reimbursement process, regulatory agencies and market authorization processes for new drug and medical devices for US.
- A detailed analysis of the political and economic environment of US, including economic indicators, demographics, healthcare infrastructure and healthcare expenditure.
- An overview of the opportunities and challenges for growth that exist in the healthcare market of US.
Reasons to buy
The report on US comprehensively covers both the pharmaceutical and medical devices markets of US. The report will enhance your decision-making capability. It will allow you to -
- Develop business strategies by understanding the trends shaping and driving the healthcare market of US.
- Drive revenues by understanding the key trends, reimbursement and regulatory policies, pharmaceutical and medical devices market segments and companies likely to impact US healthcare market in the future.
- Formulate effective sales and marketing strategies by understanding the competitive landscape and by analyzing the performance of various competitors.
- Organize your sales and marketing efforts by identifying the market categories and segments that present the greatest opportunities for consolidations, investments and strategic partnerships.
- Identify, understand and capitalize on the opportunities and challenges in the healthcare market of US.
Table of Contents
1 Table of Contents 6
1.1 List of Tables 10
1.2 List of Figures 14
2 Introduction 19
2.1 Report Guidance 19
3 Overview of the Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Markets 20
3.1 Pharmaceutical Market 20
3.1.1 Market Overview 20
3.1.2 Supply Channels 27
3.1.3 Market Segments 30
3.1.4 Overview of Major Disease Segments 46
3.1.5 Major Players 50
3.2 Medical Device Market 105
3.2.1 Market Overview 105
3.2.2 Overview of Top Five Segments 107
3.2.3 Diagnostic Market 118
3.2.4 Major Players 120
3.3 Market Drivers and Barriers 158
3.3.1 Drivers 158
3.3.2 Barriers 160
4 Market Access 165
4.1.1 Reimbursement and Payer Landscape 165
4.1.2 Health Insurance and Managed Care in US 166
4.1.3 Overview of Insurance Providers 171
4.1.4 Patient Share in Healthcare Spending 184
4.1.5 Prescription Drug Price Trend 186
4.1.6 Pricing Policies 187
4.2 Regulatory Landscape 190
4.2.1 Overview of Regulatory Agencies 190
4.2.2 New Drug Approval Process 191
4.2.3 Approval Process of Biological Products as Biosimilar or Interchangeable 208
4.2.4 New Medical Device Approval Process 209
4.2.5 Licensing Process for Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Manufacturing 217
4.2.6 Licensing Process for Pharmaceutical Exports and Imports 222
4.2.7 Intellectual Property Rights 236
4.2.8 Clinical Trial Regulations 239
4.2.9 Pharmaceutical Advertising Regulations 244
4.2.10 Pharmacy Regulations 245
4.2.11 Labeling and Packaging Regulations 247
5 Country Analysis 250
5.1 Political Environment 250
5.1.1 Political Structure 250
5.1.2 Analysis of Current Political Environment 251
5.1.3 Healthcare Policy Initiatives 254
5.2 Economic Landscape 259
5.3 Economic Indicators 265
5.3.1 Gross Domestic Product 265
5.3.2 Gross National Income 269
5.3.3 Inflation 270
5.3.4 Currency Exchange Rate 273
5.3.5 Foreign Direct Investment 276
5.3.6 Foreign Exchange Reserves 277
5.3.7 Trade Balance 278
5.3.8 Government Structural Balance 281
5.3.9 Government Net Debt 283
5.3.10 Major Industries 285
5.4 Demography 286
5.4.1 Population 286
5.4.2 Education and Literacy 303
5.4.3 Employment 305
5.4.4 Disease Burden 307
5.5 Healthcare Infrastructure 310
5.5.1 Healthcare Facilities 310
5.5.2 Healthcare Parameters 318
5.5.3 Environmental Health 322
5.5.4 Healthcare Personnel 327
5.6 Healthcare Expenditure 328
5.6.1 Overview 328
5.6.2 Major Components of Healthcare Spending 329
5.6.3 Share of Public and Private Sectors 331
5.6.4 Spending in Pharmaceutical R&D 332
5.7 Trade Associations 334
5.7.1 Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America 334
5.7.2 Consumer Healthcare Products Association 334
5.7.3 International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council 334
5.7.4 Advanced Medical Technology Association 335
5.7.5 National Association for Home Care & Hospices 335
5.7.6 Biotech Industry Association 335
5.7.7 The Society of Chemical Manufacturers and Affiliates 336
5.8 Trade Fairs 336
6 Opportunities and Challenges 339
6.1 Opportunities 339
6.2 Challenges 341
7 Appendix 344
7.1 Abbreviations 344
7.2 Bibliography 353
7.3 Methodology 369
7.3.1 Coverage 369
7.3.2 Secondary Research 369
7.3.3 Forecasting 370
7.3.4 Expert Panel Validation 370
7.4 Contact Us 370
7.5 Disclaimer 371
List of Tables
Table 1: Pharmaceutical Market* ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 24
Table 2: Pharmaceutical Market ($bn), US, Forecast, 2013 ? 2020 25
Table 3: Late-stage (NDA Filed) Pipeline*, Major Products, US, 2013 26
Table 4: Price per 30 Pills by Type of Pharmacy, US, Wholesale Price ($), 2009 29
Table 5: Prescription Distribution of Brand and Generic Drugs (%), US, 2007 ? 2010 31
Table 6: Drugs Gone Off-patent, Global, 2011 – 2012 33
Table 7: Drugs Going Off-patent, Global, 2013 – 2014 33
Table 8: Equilibrium Effects* of Branded Generic Entry, US, 2005 35
Table 9: Effects* of Branded Generic Entry on Branded Market Segment, US, 2005 35
Table 10: Generic Dispensing by Type of Plan, US, 2010 37
Table 11: Health Plan Spending for Severely Ill Patients, Share (%), US, 2008 39
Table 12: Top Medicare Part B Biologics, by Spending ($bn), US, 2007 40
Table 13: Top Medicare Part D Biologics by Spending ($m), US, 2006 – 2007 41
Table 14: Top Selling Biologics, Monthly Cost ($), US, 2007 42
Table 15: Variation in Prices of OTC and Prescription Drugs, 2005 46
Table 16: Major Disease Segments, Expenditure ($m), US, 2008 47
Table 17: Major Products, Pfizer, Global, Revenue ($m), 2011 51
Table 18: Late-stage Pipeline, Pfizer, 2012 52
Table 19: Major Products, Merck, Global, Revenue ($m), 2011 61
Table 20: Late-stage Pipeline, Merck, 2012 62
Table 21: Major Products, Novartis, Global, Revenue ($m), 2011 71
Table 22: Planned Filings, Novartis, 2012 to ? 2016 72
Table 23: Major Products, Abbott, Global, Revenue ($m), 2011 81
Table 24: Late Stage Pipeline, AbbVie*, 2013 82
Table 25: Major Products, Roche, Global, Revenue ($m), 2012 88
Table 26: Late Stage Pipeline, Roche, 2013 89
Table 27: Major Products, AstraZeneca, Global, Revenue ($m), 2011 95
Table 28: Late-Stage Pipeline, AstraZeneca, 2012 96
Table 29: Medical Device Market ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 106
Table 30: Medical Device Market ($bn), US, Forecast, 2013 ? 2020 106
Table 31: Medical Device Market, Revenue ($m), US, 2012 107
Table 32: Orthopedic Devices Market, ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 108
Table 33: Sales Trends for Major Players*, Orthopedic Devices, US, 2011 109
Table 34: In-vitro Diagnostics Market ($m), US, 2007 ? 2012 110
Table 35: Sales Trends for Major Players*, In Vitro Diagnostics, US, 2011 111
Table 36: Cardiovascular Devices Market ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 112
Table 37: Sales Trends for Major Players*, Cardiovascular Devices, US, 2011 113
Table 38: Ophthalmic Devices Market ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 114
Table 39: Sales Trends for Major Players*, Ophthalmic Devices, US, 2011 115
Table 40: Wound Care Management Devices ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 116
Table 41: Sales Trends for Major Players*, Hospital Supplies, US, 2011 117
Table 42: Diagnostics Market ($m), US, 2007 – 2012 118
Table 43: Diagnostic Market ($m), US, Forecast, 2013 – 2020 119
Table 44: Major Medical Device Companies, US, Revenues ($bn), 2011 120
Table 45: Major Products, Medtronic, Global, Revenue ($m), 2012 121
Table 46: Major Products, Boston Scientific, Global, Revenue ($m), 2011 130
Table 47: Major Products Class, Abbott, Global, Revenue ($m), 2012 136
Table 48: Late-stage Pipeline, Abbott, 2011 137
Table 49: Major Products Category, Stryker, Global, Revenue ($m), 2010 143
Table 50: Health Maintenance Organizations, Number, Enrollment and Penetration, US, 2011 (July) 169
Table 51: Insurance Options by Patients Segments, US, 2011 171
Table 52: Discounts on Branded and Generic Drugs until 2020 174
Table 53: Total Medicare Income, Expenditures and Trust Fund Assets, ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2021 175
Table 54: Coverage by Type of Health Insurance (m), US, 2010 ? 2011 182
Table 55: Healthcare Spending, Out-of-Pocket (%), US, 2007 ? 2012 184
Table 56: Out-of-Pocket Share by Type of Expenditure (%), US, 2009 185
Table 57: Change in Average Price of Prescription Drugs (%), US, 2007 ? 2010 186
Table 58: Clinical Trial Phases 203
Table 59: New Drugs Approved by FDA, US, 1996 ? 2010 207
Table 60: Documents Required to Commence Clinical Trial, US, 2011 240
Table 61: Economic Indicators, American Jobs Act, Cost ($bn), US, 2011 261
Table 62: GDP Per Capita, ($), US, 2007 – 2012 265
Table 63: GDP Per Capita, ($), US, Forecast, 2013 – 2020 266
Table 64: GDP, Annual Growth (%), US, 2007 – 2012 267
Table 65: GDP, Annual Growth (%), US, Forecast, 2013 – 2020 268
Table 66: GNI Per Capita ($), US, 2007 ? 2012 269
Table 67: Average Consumer Price Index, US, 2007 – 2012 270
Table 68: Average Consumer Price Index, US, Forecast, 2013 – 2020 271
Table 69: Average Consumer Price, Annual Change (%), US, 2007 – 2012 272
Table 70: Currency Exchange Rate (JPY/$), US, 2007 – 2012 273
Table 71: Currency Exchange Rate (£/$), US, 2007 – 2012 274
Table 72: Currency Exchange Rate (€/$), US, 2007 – 2012 275
Table 73: Foreign Direct Investment ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2011 276
Table 74: Forex Exchange Reserve ($bn), US, 2007 – 2012 277
Table 75: Trade Balance ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 278
Table 76: Imports of Goods and Services ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 279
Table 77: Export of Goods and Services ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 280
Table 78: General Government Structural Balance ($bn), US, 2007 – 2012 281
Table 79: General Government Structural Balance, US, Forecast ($bn), 2013 ? 2020 282
Table 80: General Government Net Debt ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 283
Table 81: General Government Net Debt, US, Forecast ($bn), 2013 ? 2020 284
Table 82: Major Industries, GDP ($bn), US, 2012 286
Table 83: Population (million), US, 2007 ? 2012 287
Table 84: Population (million), US, Forecast, 2013 ? 2020 288
Table 85: Urban and Rural Population Share (%), US, 2007 ? 2012 289
Table 86: Age Groups, Population Distribution (%), US, 2007 ? 2012 290
Table 87: Age Groups, Population Distribution (%), US, Forecast, 2013 ? 2020 291
Table 88: Births (Per 1,000 Population), US, 2007 ? 2012 292
Table 89: Births (Per 1,000 Population), US, Forecast, 2013 ? 2020 293
Table 90: Mortality (Per 1,000 Population), US, 2007 ? 2012 294
Table 91: Mortality (Per 1,000 Population), US, Forecast, 2013 ? 2020 295
Table 92: Major Causes of Mortality ('000), US, 2011 296
Table 93: Children
<5 Years Age, Mortality Rate (Per 1,000 Live Births), US, 2007 ? 2012 297>Table 94: Major Causes of Male Mortality ('000), US, 2010 298
Table 95: Major Causes of Female Mortality ('000), US, 2010 299
Table 96: Gender Ratio (%), US, 2007 ? 2012 300
Table 97: Life Expectancy at Birth, US, 2007 ? 2012 302
Table 98: Life Expectancy at 65 Years, US, 2007 ? 2012 302
Table 99: Students ('000), US, 2007 ? 2012 303
Table 100: Student Enrollment by Level of Education (million), US, 2010 304
Table 101: Number of Employed Individuals (million), US, 2007 ? 2012 305
Table 102: Unemployment Rate (%), US, 2007 ? 2012 306
Table 103: Major Diseases, DALYs (Per 100,000 Population), US, 2004 308
Table 104: Hospitals, Federal and Non-Federal, US, 2005 ? 2010 310
Table 105: Community Hospitals, US, 2005 ? 2010 311
Table 106: Non-federal Hospitals, US, 2005 ? 2010 312
Table 107: Hospital Beds ('000), US, 2005 ? 2010 313
Table 108: Non-Federal Hospital Beds ('000), US, 2005 ? 2010 314
Table 109: Community Hospital Beds ('000), US, 2005 ? 2010 315
Table 110: MRI Units (Per 100,000 Population), US, 2005 ? 2010 316
Table 111: CT Scanners (Per 100,000 Population), US, 2007 ? 2012 317
Table 112: Beds (Per 1,000 Population), US, 2005 ? 2010 318
Table 113: Physicians (Per 1,000 Population), US, 2005 ? 2010 320
Table 114: Nurses (Per 1,000 Population), US, 2005 ? 2010 321
Table 115: Pollutants ('000 Tons), US, 1990 ? 2010 324
Table 116: CO Emissions ('000 Tons), US, 1990 ? 2010 325
Table 117: Lead Emissions ('000 Tons), US, 1990 ? 2009 326
Table 118: Healthcare Personnel, Employment ('000), US, 2011 327
Table 119: Healthcare Expenditure (% of GDP), US, 2005 ? 2010 328
Table 120: Major Components of Healthcare Expenditure(%), US, 2010 330
Table 121: Healthcare Expenditure, Pharmaceuticals (%), US, 2005 ? 2010 330
Table 122: Healthcare Expenditure, Public and Private (%), US, 2005 ? 2010 331
Table 123: Healthcare Expenditure, Pharmaceutical R&D ($bn), US,2007 ? 2012 333
Table 124: Major Healthcare Trade Fairs, US, 2013 337
List of Figures
Figure 1: Pharmaceutical Market* ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 24
Figure 2: Pharmaceutical Market ($bn), US, Forecast, 2013 ? 2020 25
Figure 3: Pharmaceutical Distribution Channels, US, 2011 27
Figure 4: Prescription Distribution of Brand and Generic Drugs (%),US, 2007 ? 2010 31
Figure 5: Health Plan Spending for Severely Ill Patients, Share (%), US, 2008 39
Figure 6: Top Medicare Part B Biologics, by Spending ($bn), US, 2007 40
Figure 7: Top Medicare Part D Biologics by Spending ($m), US, 2006 – 2007 41
Figure 8: Variation in Prices of OTC and Prescription Drugs, 2005 45
Figure 9: Major Disease Areas, Expenditure ($m), US, 2008 47
Figure 10: Medical Device Market ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 105
Figure 11: Medical Device Market ($bn), US, Forecast, 2013 ? 2020 106
Figure 12: Medical Device Market, Revenue ($m), US, 2012 107
Figure 13: Orthopedic Devices Market, ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 108
Figure 14: Sales Trends for Major Players*, Orthopedic Devices, US, 2007 – 2011 109
Figure 15: In-vitro Diagnostics Market ($m), US, 2007 ? 2012 110
Figure 16: Sales Trends for Major Players*, In Vitro Diagnostics, US, 2007 – 2011 111
Figure 17: Cardiovascular Devices Market ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 112
Figure 18: Sales Trends for Major Players*, Cardiovascular Devices, US, 2007 – 2011 113
Figure 19: Ophthalmic Devices Market ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 114
Figure 20: Sales Trends for Major Players*, Ophthalmic Devices, US, 2007 – 2011 115
Figure 21: Wound Care Management Devices ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 116
Figure 22: Sales Trends for Major Players*, Hospital Supplies, US, 2007 – 2011 117
Figure 23: Diagnostics Market ($m), US, 2007 – 2012 118
Figure 24: Diagnostic Market ($m), US, Forecast, 2013 – 2020 119
Figure 25: Major Medical Device Companies, US, Revenues ($bn), 2011 120
Figure 26: Growth in Healthcare Expenditures Attributable to Prescription Drugs, US, 1996 – 2008 161
Figure 27: Drug Development Costs, US, 1975 – 2005 162
Figure 28: Patent Challenges by Generic Companies, US, 2000 – 2008 163
Figure 29: Drivers and Barriers, Healthcare Market, US, 2013 164
Figure 30: Pricing and Reimbursement Process, US, 2011 169
Figure 31: Role of Pharmacy Benefit Managers in the Healthcare System, US, 2011 170
Figure 32: Payer Strategies for Promoting the Use of Generics and Low Cost Brands, US, 2011 170
Figure 33: Healthcare System Financial Flow, US, 2011 172
Figure 34: Healthcare Spending, Out-of-Pocket (%), US, 2007 ? 2012 184
Figure 35: Out-of-Pocket Share by Type of Expenditure (%), US, 2009 185
Figure 36: Change in Average Price of Prescription Drugs (%), US, 2007 ? 2010 186
Figure 37: Tier Structure of Formulary, US, 2011 189
Figure 38: Structure of Food and Drug Administration (FDA), US, 2011 190
Figure 39: Types of ANDA Submissions 195
Figure 40: ANDA Review Process 195
Figure 41: P-IV ANDA Filing Process 197
Figure 42: Multiple P-IV ANDA Submissions and 180 Day Market Exclusivity 200
Figure 43: Outline of the Clinical Development Process for a New Drug 204
Figure 44: New Drug Approval Process Outline, US, 2011 204
Figure 45: New Drug Approval Process, US, 2011 205
Figure 46: New Drugs Approved by FDA, US, 1996 ? 2010 207
Figure 47: Medical Device Approval Process, US, 2011 212
Figure 48: Patent Approval Process, US, 2011 238
Figure 49: GDP Per Capita, ($), US, 2007 – 2012 265
Figure 50: GDP Per Capita, ($), US, Forecast, 2013 – 2020 266
Figure 51: GDP, Annual Growth (%), US, 2007 – 2012 267
Figure 52: GDP, Annual Growth (%), US, Forecast, 2013 – 2020 268
Figure 53: GNI Per Capita ($), US, 2007 ? 2012 269
Figure 54: Average Consumer Price Index, US, 2007 – 2012 270
Figure 55: Average Consumer Price Index, US, Forecast, 2013 – 2020 271
Figure 56: Average Consumer Price, Annual Change (%), US, 2007 – 2012 272
Figure 57: Currency Exchange Rate (JPY/$), US, 2007 – 2012 273
Figure 58: Currency Exchange Rate (£/$), US, 2007 – 2012 274
Figure 59: Currency Exchange Rate (€/$), US, 2007 – 2012 275
Figure 60: Foreign Direct Investment ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2011 276
Figure 61: Forex Exchange Reserve ($bn), US, 2007 – 2012 277
Figure 62: Trade Balance ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 278
Figure 63: Imports of Goods and Services ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 279
Figure 64: Export of Goods and Services ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 280
Figure 65: General Government Structural Balance ($bn), US, 2007 – 2012 281
Figure 66: General Government Structural Balance, US, Forecast ($bn), 2013 ? 2020 282
Figure 67: General Government Net Debt ($bn), US, 2007 ? 2012 283
Figure 68: General Government Net Debt, US, Forecast ($bn), 2013 ? 2020 284
Figure 69: Major Industries, GDP ($bn), US, 2012 285
Figure 70: Population (million), US, 2007 ? 2012 287
Figure 71: Population (million), US, Forecast, 2013 ? 2020 288
Figure 72: Urban and Rural Population Share (%), US, 2007 ? 2012 289
Figure 73: Age Groups, Population Distribution (%), US, 2007 ? 2012 290
Figure 74: Age Groups, Population Distribution (%), US, Forecast, 2013 ? 2020 291
Figure 75: Births (Per 1,000 Population), US, 2007 ? 2012 292
Figure 76: Births (Per 1,000 Population), US, Forecast, 2013 ? 2020 293
Figure 77: Mortality (Per 1,000 Population), US, 2007 ? 2012 294
Figure 78: Mortality (Per 1,000 Population), US, Forecast, 2013 ? 2020 295
Figure 79: Major Causes of Mortality ('000), US, 2011 296
Figure 80: Children
<5 Years Age, Mortality Rate (Per 1,000 Live Births), US, 2007 ? 2012 297>Figure 81: Major Causes of Male Mortality ('000), US, 2010 298
Figure 82: Major Causes of Female Mortality ('000), US, 2010 299
Figure 83: Gender Ratio (%), US, 2007 ? 2012 300
Figure 84: Life Expectancy at Birth, US, 2007 ? 2012 301
Figure 85: Life Expectancy at 65 Years, US, 2007 ? 2012 302
Figure 86: Students ('000), US, 2007 ? 2012 303
Figure 87: Student Enrollment by Level of Education (million), US, 2010 304
Figure 88: Number of Employed Individuals (million), US, 2007 ? 2012 305
Figure 89: Unemployment Rate (%), US, 2007 ? 2012 306
Figure 90: Major Diseases, DALYs (Per 100,000 Population), US, 2004 307
Figure 91: Annual Change in Cancer Death Rate (%), US, 1975 – 2006 308
Figure 92: Annual Change in Cancer Death Rate (%), US, 1995 – 2007 309
Figure 93: Hospitals, Federal and Non-Federal, US, 2005 ? 2010 310
Figure 94: Community Hospitals, US, 2005 ? 2010 311
Figure 95: Non-federal Hospitals, US, 2005 ? 2010 312
Figure 96: Hospital Beds ('000), US, 2005 ? 2010 313
Figure 97: Non-Federal Hospital Beds ('000), US, 2005 ? 2010 314
Figure 98: Community Hospital Beds ('000), US, 2005 ? 2010 315
Figure 99: MRI Units (Per 100,000 Population), US, 2005 ? 2010 316
Figure 100: CT Scanners (Per 100,000 Population), US, 2007 ? 2012 317
Figure 101: Beds (Per 1,000 Population), US, 2005 ? 2010 318
Figure 102: Physicians (Per 1,000 Population), US, 2005 ? 2010 320
Figure 103: Nurses (Per 1,000 Population), US, 2005 ? 2010 321
Figure 104: Pollutants ('000 Tons), US, 1990 ? 2010 324
Figure 105: CO Emissions ('000 Tons), US, 1990 ? 2010 325
Figure 106: Lead Emissions ('000 Tons), US, 1990 ? 2009 326
Figure 107: Healthcare Personnel, Employment ('000), US, 2011 327
Figure 108: Healthcare Expenditure (% of GDP), US, 2005 ? 2010 328
Figure 109: Major Components of Healthcare Expenditure(%), US, 2010 329
Figure 110: Healthcare Expenditure, Pharmaceuticals (%), US, 2005 ? 2010 330
Figure 111: Healthcare Expenditure, Public and Private (%), US,2005 ? 2010 331
Figure 112: Healthcare Expenditure, Pharmaceutical R&D ($bn), US,2007 ? 2012 333
Figure 113: Opportunities and Challenges, Healthcare Market, US, 2013 343
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