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Desarrollo cerebral atípico observado en preescolares con síntomas de TDAH

Estudio financiado por los NIH usa escaneos cerebrales de alta resolución para descubrir cambios estructurales


News provided by

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

Mar 26, 2018, 12:00 ET

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BETHESDA, Maryland, 26 de marzo de 2018 /PRNewswire-HISPANIC PR WIRE/ -- De acuerdo con investigadores financiados por los Institutos Nacionales de la Salud (National Institutes of Health, NIH), los niños de tan solo 4 años con síntomas de trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) pueden tener diferencias importantes en su estructura cerebral en comparación con niños que no tienen esos síntomas.

Este estudio es el primer examen integral de cambios estructurales del cerebro en preescolares con signos de TDAH, un trastorno caracterizado por un patrón de falta de atención, hiperactividad y conducta impulsiva. El estudio aparece en el Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society.

"Los investigadores esperaban encontrar los primeros signos de un posible desarrollo cerebral atípico", dice James A. Griffin, Ph.D., subdirector de la División de Desarrollo y Comportamiento Infantil del Instituto Nacional de la Salud Infantil y Desarrollo Humano Eunice Kennedy Shriver de los NIH, que apoyó la investigación. "Lo que encontraron en sus escaneos de alta resolución fueron evidencias sólidas de que estos cambios estructurales ya son notables a los 4 o 5 años".

Estudios previos ya habían documentado diferencias cerebrales en adolescentes con TDAH. Sin embargo, pocos estudios examinan esas diferencias en preescolares, a pesar de las investigaciones que mencionan al TDAH como el trastorno psicológico más comúnmente diagnosticado entre niños pequeños.

La investigación, dirigida por E. Mark Mahone, Ph.D., se realizó en el Instituto Kennedy Krieger de Baltimore. El estudio incluyó 90 niños: 38 preescolares en desarrollo típico y 52 con síntomas de TDAH.

Los escaneos revelaron que los niños con síntomas de TDAH tenían múltiples áreas con menos volumen de masa cerebral que los niños típicos, y esas diferencias eran coherentes con informes de los padres sobre hiperactividad y conductas impulsivas.

Los investigadores mencionaron dificultades para la obtención de datos, principalmente, lograr que los niños se quedaran quietos durante el escaneo cerebral, en particular aquellos con conductas asociadas con el TDAH. Es posible que los niños que finalmente fueron escaneados tuvieran síntomas más moderados y, por lo tanto, fueran más adecuados para participar en el estudio. Los autores suponen que los niños con TDAH más severo podrían tener diferencias cerebrales más pronunciadas.

Según Griffin, la investigación ofrece una mayor comprensión del desarrollo cerebral en niños con síntomas de TDAH. Los investigadores continuarán siguiendo a los niños y monitoreando cambios o diferencias cerebrales a medida que crecen. El estudio ofrece un trabajo de base para futuros análisis de cambios cerebrales estructurales y funcionales en el TDAH, que los investigadores esperan que brinden nuevas comprensiones sobre cómo se relacionan los síntomas del trastorno con las diferencias en el cerebro.

Referencia
Jacobson, L.A., et al. Anomalous Brain Development is Evident in Preschoolers with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (El desarrollo cerebral anómalo es evidente en preescolares con trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad). Journal of the International Neuropsychology Society. 2018; doi:10.1017/S1355617718000103

Acerca del Instituto Nacional de la Salud Infantil y Desarrollo Humano Eunice Kennedy Shriver (NICHD, por sus siglas en inglés): El NICHD realiza y apoya las investigaciones en los Estados Unidos y todo el mundo relacionadas con el desarrollo fetal e infantil; la salud materna, infantil y familiar; la biología reproductiva y los temas relacionados con la población; y la rehabilitación médica. Si desea más información, visite http://www.nichd.nih.gov.

Acerca de los Institutos Nacionales de la Salud (National Institutes of Health, NIH): Los NIH son el organismo de investigación médica de la nación, comprenden 27 institutos y centros, y son un componente del Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de los Estados Unidos. Es la principal agencia federal de realización y apoyo de investigación médica básica, clínica y aplicada, e investiga las causas, los tratamientos y las curas para enfermedades comunes y raras. Si desea más información acerca de los NIH y sus programas, visite http://www.nih.gov.

FUENTE Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

Related Links

http://www.nichd.nih.gov

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