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INTRODUCTION
MOTIVATIONThe most tangible evidence for growth and interest is reflected by the emergence of new CNT producers now capable of offering CNTs in commercial-scale quantities—in kilograms, tonnes and even hundreds of tonnes, depending on the specific grade—at more affordable and increasingly competitive unit pricing. In addition, after several years of incubation, there is a new breed of more mature university spin-offs, or nanotechnology companies, targeting specific application sectors. Additional evidence of growth is the increasing presence of larger, more established corporations that recognize the future market opportunities offered by CNTs. Finally, over the past five years, there has been phenomenal growth in patent activity. In 2010 alone, the number of issued CNT-related U.S. patents reached 1,585, an increase of 54% over the previous year. In 2011, this increased more moderately, by 7.7%, but nonetheless reached an annual output record of 1,707. For patents pending, the situation is even more dramatic, with a cumulative backlog from 2001 to 2011 now totaling 16,775. For the current review period (2010 to 2011 total output alone reached 54% of the previous period (2001 to 2009).
In view of the technical momentum—representing a multibillion-dollar technology investment—and the enormous business potential, this report provides a timely update on CNTs—their level of technical maturity, where they are starting to penetrate the marketplace, and when and where the broadening market unravels.
OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSE OF THIS REPORTAssess the current state-of-the-art in CNT production and technical applications understanding.Identify the current players seeking to exploit their unique properties.Evaluate actual or impending markets in terms of the technical readiness of CNTs and the projected market revenues.
SCOPE OF REPORT
This updated report is divided into the following nine major chapters:
CHAPTER THREE—TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW defines, outlines the history, describes the production methodology, identifies the unique properties of various forms of CNTs and emphasizes the major application challenges.
CHAPTER FOUR—PATENT ANALYSIS provides an extensive search/analysis of U.S. issued and pending patents (along with Canadian, European and WPTO databases where there is no USPTO presence), a collation of the main technical/application sectors and identifies the most active organizations—U.S. and foreign—driving CNT technology.
CHAPTER FIVE—INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS identifies current producers, progress in continuous production scale-up, market segmentation and an industry profile covering the major players.
CHAPTER SIX—MARKETS BY APPLICATION represents the body of the report assessing the latest progress and technical readiness in the major application sectors of composites, electronics, energy storage, membranes, sensors and other applications.
CHAPTER SEVEN—GLOBAL MARKET ANALYSIS estimates five-year potential revenues of all notable CNT producers.
CHAPTER EIGHT—NORTH AMERICAN MARKET ANALYSIS estimates five-year potential revenues of U.S. and Canadian CNT producers.
CHAPTER NINE—EUROPEAN MARKET ANALYSIS estimates five-year potential revenues of European CNT producers.
CHAPTER TEN—ASIAN MARKET ANALYSIS estimates five-year potential revenues of Asian CNT producers.
CHAPTER ELEVEN—MARKET PULL: PROGNOSIS FOR GLOBAL CNT APPLICATIONS identifies the most promising applications realizable based on the leading proponents, technical readiness and market interest.
CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND TARGET AUDIENCE January 2010An extensive patent analysis of the U.S. patent database.An in-depth assessment of the unfolding commercial markets.Progress in the synthesis and commercial scale-up of CNTs.Extensive compilation of the producers and end users dictating market development.A five-year projected market analysis of the emerging CNT industry.
This comprehensive technical and business assessment on the current status of the CNT industry should prove informative to nanomaterials manufacturers, investors seeking near-term commercialization opportunities, technologists confronted with nanomaterial device integration issues and companies interested in exploiting revolutionary nanomaterials for advanced composites, biomedical, electronic, energy storage, membranes/separation, sensing, security and other emerging applications.
METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION AUTHOR'S CREDENTIALS John Oliver Canada Alberta McGill University Surrey TABLE OF CONTENTSMOTIVATION 1
OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT 1
SCOPE OF REPORT 1
CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND TARGET AUDIENCE 2
METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION 2
AUTHOR'S CREDENTIALS 3
RELATED BCC REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS 3
REPORTS 3
MONTHLY NEWSLETTER 3
BCC ONLINE SERVICES 3
DISCLAIMER 4
CHAPTER 2 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 6
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET REVENUES FOR CNT GRADES BASED ON COMMITTED
PRODUCTION ESTIMATES, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 6
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR CNT GRADES BASED ON COMMITTED
PRODUCTION, 2011-2016 ($ MILLIONS) 7
CHAPTER 3 TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 9
WHAT ARE CNTS? 9
FIGURE 1 FORMATION OF A SWNT STRUCTURE 9
FIGURE 2 CNT STRUCTURES 10
A BRIEF HISTORY OF NANOTUBES 10
TABLE 1 CHRONOLOGY OF SOME CNT LANDMARK DEVELOPMENTS, 1953–2012 11
COMPARISON OF CARBON COMPOUNDS 12
TABLE 2 SOME COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF CARBON ALLOTROPES 12
DIAMOND 13
Diamondoids 13
Nanocrystalline Diamond and CNT Hybrid Films 14
GRAPHITE 14
FULLERENES 15
Spherical Form: Buckminsterfullerene 15
Cylindrical Form: CNTs 16
Hybrid Forms: Carbon Nanobuds and Graphene Nanoribbons 16
Linear Form: Carbynes 16
CARBON NANOFIBERS 17
CARBON NANOSPHERES 17
CARBIDE-DERIVED MESOPOROUS CARBON 18
PROPERTIES OF CNTS 18
TABLE 3 SOME CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF CNTS 19
TABLE 4 COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT CNTS AND CFS 20
APPLICATIONS OF CNTS 20
TABLE 5 DIVERSE RANGE OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS FOR CNTS 20
TABLE 6 SOME EXAMPLES OF OPTIMUM FORMS OF CNTS REQUIRED FOR DIFFERENT
APPLICATIONS 21
OTHER TYPES OF NANOTUBE COMPOUNDS 21
SYNTHETIC INORGANIC NANOTUBES 21
TABLE 7 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF SOME INORGANIC NANOTUBES 23
NATURAL INORGANIC NANOTUBES 24
ORGANIC NANOTUBES 25
NANOTUBE PRODUCTION 25
TABLE 8 COMPARISON OF THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF CNT BATCH PRODUCTION
TECHNOLOGIES 26
ARC DISCHARGE 26
LASER ABLATION 26
CVD 27
SYNTHETIC PROCESS FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH 27
TABLE 9 SYNTHETIC PROCESS FACTORS AFFECTING CNT GROWTH 28
CONTINUOUS SCALABLE PRODUCTION 28
TABLE 10 COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CNT PROCESSES 29
TABLE 11 COMPARISON OF SWNT CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES 29
CVD 30
Flame Combustion 31
Plasma Torch 32
Other Developments 33
Catalyst-Free SWNTs 33
Chiral-Specific Growth 34
Nonmetallic Catalysts 35
Natural Lava Catalysts 36
Pulsed Laser Vaporization (PLV) 36
Purer and Controlled Diameter SWNTs 37
Separation and Sorting 37
Varying Carbon Feedstock 37
PURIFICATION AND PRODUCT QUALITY CONTROL 38
TABLE 12 COMMON CNT CHEMICAL PURIFICATION PROCESSES, OUTCOMES AND
DISADVANTAGES 39
TABLE 13 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN SEPARATION, PURIFICATION, CAPPING AND
UNCAPPING OF CNTS BASED ON U.S. PATENTS 40
CNT APPLICATIONS INTEGRATION 40
TABLE 14 LEADING U.S. RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS SPEARHEADING CNT SYNTHESIS AND
APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT 41
SURFACE CHEMICAL FUNCTIONALIZATION 41
TABLE 15 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CHEMICAL FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CNTS AND
POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS 42
TABLE 16 EXEMPLARY U.S. PATENTS RELATING TO CNT CHEMICAL FUNCTIONALIZATION 43
TABLE 17 ORGANIZATIONS OFFERING SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZED CNT DISPERSIONS AND
THEIR APPLICATIONS 43
SEPARATING ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES 44
TABLE 18 NOTABLE DEVELOPMENTS IN SORTING ELECTRONIC GRADE CNTS 44
CNT GROWTH AND DEVICE FABRICATION 46
TABLE 19 EXEMPLARY U.S. PATENTS RELATING TO SELF-ASSEMBLY AND ORGANIZATION
OF CNTS 46
TABLE 20 SCALABLE DEVICE INTEGRATION OF CNTS 47
OTHER FORM FACTORS 48
TABLE 21 EXEMPLARY U.S. PATENTS RELATING TO THE USE OF CNTS AS
NANOTEMPLATES 48
DWNTS AND BUCKYPAPER 48
TWNTS 50
SWNT-BASED PEAPODS OR NANO TEST TUBES 50
MWNT-BASED MICROCAPSULES 50
OTHER FORMS OF CNTS 50
TABLE 22 RECENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS IN OTHER CNT VARIANTS 51
DRY SPINNING OF CNT FIBERS AND SHEET FORMING YARNS 51
THREE-DIMENSIONAL CNT ARCHITECTURES 53
WET SPINNING OF SWNTS 53
CONTINUOUSLY GROWN SWNT FIBERS 54
CONTINUOUSLY GROWN SWNT NONWOVEN TRANSPARENT FILMS 55
CNT-REINFORCED POLYMER FIBERS 55
CHAPTER 4 PATENT ANALYSIS 57
RATIONALE AND METHODOLOGY 57
U.S. PATENTS ISSUED 58
CHRONOLOGICAL GROWTH TRENDS IN PATENT ACTIVITY 58
FIGURE 3 CNT PATENTS ISSUED, 1994-2011 (CUMULATIVE TOTAL: 7,726) 58
PATENT ACTIVITY CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION SECTOR 59
FIGURE 4 BREAKDOWN OF THE MAIN INDUSTRY/APPLICATION SECTORS DERIVED FROM
U.S. CNT ISSUED PATENTS, 1994-2004 59
TABLE 23 INDUSTRIAL SECTORS AND EXEMPLARY APPLICATIONS EMERGING FROM
ISSUED U.S. CNT PATENTS, 1994–2009 60
FIGURE 5 BREAKDOWN OF THE MAIN INDUSTRY/APPLICATION SECTORS FROM U.S. CNT
ISSUED PATENTS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (%) 60
FIGURE 6 U.S. AND FOREIGN CNT PATENTS ISSUED, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO
INDUSTRIAL/APPLICATIONS SECTORS, 1994–2002 (COMBINED TOTAL: 415) 62
FIGURE 7 U.S. AND FOREIGN CNT PATENTS ISSUED, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO
INDUSTRY/APPLICATION SECTOR, 2003-2004 (COMBINED TOTAL 480) 63
FIGURE 8 U.S. AND FOREIGN CNT PATENTS ISSUED, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO
INDUSTRIAL/APPLICATION SECTOR, 2007 TO JUNE 30, 2009 (COMBINED TOTAL 1,987) 64
Comparison of U.S. Patent Activity with Asian, European and Other Countries 65
1994 to 2004 65
FIGURE 9 U.S. VERSUS ASIAN CNT PATENTS ISSUED, 1994–2004 (COMBINED TOTAL 679) 65
FIGURE 10 EUROPEAN AND OTHER COUNTRIES WITH U.S. CNT ISSUED PATENTS,
1994–2004 (COMBINED TOTAL 51) 66
2007 to June 30, 2009 67
FIGURE 11 U.S. CNT PATENTS ISSUED: ASIA, 2007–JUNE 30, 2009 67
FIGURE 12 U.S. CNT PATENTS ISSUED: EUROPEAN AND OTHER COUNTRIES, 2007–JUNE 30,
2009 (NUMBER) 68
2010 to 2011 69
FIGURE 13 U.S. CNT PATENTS ISSUED: ASIA, 2011–2012 (NUMBER)* 69
FIGURE 14 U.S. CNT PATENTS ISSUED: EUROPEAN AND OTHER COUNTRIES, 2010–2011
(NUMBER)* 70
Domestic Patent Activity 71
FIGURE 15 LEADING U.S. STATES WITH U.S. CNT ISSUED PATENTS, 2009–NOVEMBER 21,
2011 (NUMBER)* 71
Small Businesses 72
TABLE 24 LEADING SMALL U.S. BUSINESSES WITH CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT
APPLICATIONS, 2010-NOVEMBER 22, 2011 (NUMBER)* 72
TABLE 25 OTHER SMALL U.S. BUSINESSES WITH MULTIPLE CNT ISSUED AND PENDING
PATENT APPLICATIONS, 2010-NOVEMBER 22, 2011 (NUMBER)* 73
Large Businesses 74
TABLE 26 LEADING LARGE U.S. BUSINESSES WITH CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT
APPLICATIONS, 2010-NOVEMBER 22, 2011 (NUMBER)* 74
TABLE 27 OTHER LARGE U.S. BUSINESSES WITH MULTIPLE CNT ISSUED AND PENDING
PATENT APPLICATIONS, 2010-NOVEMBER 22, 2011 (NUMBER)* 75
Academic Institutions 76
TABLE 28 CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS AMONG LEADING U.S.
ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS, 2010-NOVEMBER 1, 2011 (NUMBER)* 76
Government and Other Research Institutions 77
TABLE 29 U.S. GOVERNMENT AND OTHER RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS WITH CNT ISSUED
AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS, 2010-NOVEMBER 24, 2011 (NUMBER)* 77
U.S. Patent Activity According to Foreign Ownership 78
Leading Japanese Companies 78
TABLE 30 CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS FOR LEADING JAPANESE
ORGANIZATIONS, 2010-NOVEMBER 24, 2011 (NUMBER)* 78
Leading Korean, Taiwanese and Chinese Organizations 79
TABLE 31 U.S. CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS FOR LEADING KOREAN,
TAIWANESE AND CHINESE ORGANIZATIONS, 2010-NOVEMBER 24, 2011 (NUMBER)** 79
Leading Organizations in European and Other Countries 80
TABLE 32 CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENTS FOR LEADING ORGANIZATIONS IN EUROPE
AND OTHER COUNTRIES, 2010 TO NOVEMBER 24, 2011 (NUMBER)**** 80
U.S. PATENTS PENDING 81
FIGURE 16 GROWTH AND BACKLOG IN U.S. PATENTS FILED 2001-DECEMBER 29, 2011
(NUMBER)* 81
CHALLENGES IN PATENTING NANOTECHNOLOGY 82
PATENT BACKLOG 82
WHO OWNS WHAT? 83
QUALITY VERSUS QUANTITY 83
A NEW BREED OF PATENT BROKERAGE COMPANIES 83
PATENT TROLL 84
CHAPTER 5 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS 86
OVERVIEW 86
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 86
NANOTUBE PRODUCERS 86
TABLE 33 INFLUENTIAL PLAYERS INVOLVED IN LARGE-SCALE CNT PRODUCTION AND
MARKET EXPLOITATION 87
TABLE 34 INFLUENTIAL PLAYERS INVOLVED IN SMALL-SCALE CNT PRODUCTION AND/OR
SPECIALIZED MARKET EXPLOITATION 88
MARKET SEGMENTATION 89
TABLE 35 MARKET SEGMENTATION OF CNT INDUSTRY 89
COMPANY PROFILES: CNT PRODUCERS 89
Arkema 89
Bayer MaterialScience AG 91
TABLE 36 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN COMMERCIALIZING BAYER MATERIALSCIENCE
MWNTS 92
Canatu, Ltd. 93
Catalytic Materials, LLC/Catalyx Nanotech 94
CNano Technology, Ltd. 95
Fullerene International Corp. 96
Hanwha Nanotech Corp. 97
Haydale Limited 97
Hitachi Chemical Co. Ltd. 98
Hodogaya Chemical Co. Ltd./Mitsui & Co. 98
Hyperion Catalysis Int'l Inc. 99
MER Corp. 101
Nanocyl S.A. 101
NanoIntegris, Inc. 102
Nanoledge, Inc. 103
Nanotailor, Inc. 104
Nanothinx S.A. 105
Pyrograph Products, Inc. 106
Raymor Industries, Inc. 106
Selah Technologies, LLC 108
Shenzhen Nanotech Port Co., Ltd. 108
Showa Denko KK 109
SouthWest NanoTechnologies (SWeNT), Inc. 109
TABLE 37 SWENT'S LATEST COMMERCIAL SWNT DEVELOPMENTS: OCTOBER
2009-OCTOBER 2011 111
Thomas Swan & Co., Ltd. 112
Unidym, Inc. 113
TABLE 38 UNIDYM'S LATEST COMMERCIAL BUSINESS DEVELOPMENTS: 2010–2011 115
Xintek, Inc. 116
COMPANY PROFILES: CNT SPECIALTY AND ANCILLARY PRODUCTS 117
Applied Nanotech Holdings, Inc. 117
Brewer Science, Inc. 118
Carbon Solutions, Inc. 118
Eikos, Inc. 119
First Nano, Inc. 119
NanoComposites, Inc. 120
Nanocomp Technologies, Inc. 120
Nanomix, Inc. 121
Q-Flo, Ltd. 122
Zyvex Technologies 123
TABLE 39 ZYVEX TECHNOLOGIES COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN CNT POLYMER
COMPOSITES, 2007–2011 124
COMPANY PROFILES: LARGE U.S. CORPORATIONS 125
TABLE 40 LARGE U.S. CORPORATIONS LEADING IN U.S. CNT PATENT ACTIVITY* (TOTAL
NUMBER OF PATENTS 579) 125
DuPont Co. 126
General Electric Company 126
GM Corporation 127
Intel Corp. 127
IBM Corporation 127
Micron Technology 128
Shell Oil Company 128
Xerox Corp. 128
COMPANY PROFILES: LARGE FOREIGN CORPORATIONS 129
CHALLENGES AND ISSUES FACING THE CNT INDUSTRY 129
Industry Driving Forces 129
TABLE 41 EXEMPLARY COMPANIES LEADING THE CNT INDUSTRY EVOLUTION 129
Nanotube Consumers and the Evolving Grade Structure 129
TABLE 42 DIVERSITY IN CNT CONSUMER MARKET PRODUCTS 130
Cost/Performance Balance 130
Competition 131
TABLE 43 COMPETITIVE MATERIAL ALTERNATIVES TO CNTS FOR CERTAIN APPLICATIONS 131
Toxicity 132
TABLE 44 PROGRESS IN IDENTIFYING AND RESOLVING CNT TOXICOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR,
2005–2007 132
TABLE 45 PROGRESS IN IDENTIFYING AND RESOLVING CNT TOXICOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR,
2008–2011 133
Environmental Safety 135
NANOTECHNOLOGY RISKS AND REGULATORY CONTROL 136
Asian Initiatives 136
Canadian Government 136
European Commission 136
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 138
U.S. Led Nanotechnology Regulatory Control Initiatives 138
SouthWest NanoTechnologies (SWeNT), Inc. 139
Thomas Swan & Co., Ltd. (U.K.) 139
CBEN at Rice University 139
City of Berkeley, Calif., Nanomaterials Ordinance 139
EPA 140
Nanoethics and Social Advocacy Groups 140
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 140
CHAPTER 6 MARKETS BY APPLICATION 143
COMPOSITES 143
TABLE 46 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CNTS COMPARED WITH OTHER FIBERS 143
TABLE 47 CNT COMPOSITES: RANGE OF POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS 144
TABLE 48 CNT COMPOSITES: PROPERTIES ENDOWED 144
TABLE 49 MECHANICAL PROPERTY ENHANCEMENTS IN VARIOUS CNT COMPOSITES 145
CEMENT MATRIX 145
CERAMIC MATRIX 147
TABLE 50 ENHANCEMENTS CLAIMED IN VARIOUS CNT CERAMIC SYSTEMS 147
DIAMOND COMPOSITES 151
GLASS MATRIX 151
METAL MATRIX 152
TABLE 51 SOME EXAMPLES OF CNT-METAL COMPOSITES 152
POLYMER MATRIX 154
TABLE 52 EXAMPLES OF CNT-POLYMER COMPOSITE MATRIX SYSTEMS AMENABLE TO
COMMERCIAL PROCESSING AND APPLICATION 154
TABLE 53 SOME EXAMPLES OF CNT-POLYMER COMPOSITES 155
TABLE 54 VARIOUS PROCESSING STRATEGIES USED TO MANUFACTURE POLYMER-CNT
COMPOSITES 156
Electrical Conductivity Properties of Polymer-CNT Composites 156
Mechanical Properties of Polymer-CNT Composites 157
TABLE 55 ULTIMATE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CNT FIBERS AND EXAMPLES OF THEIR
ENHANCEMENT IN VARIOUS POLYMER COMPOSITE SYSTEMS 157
TABLE 56 KEY PROPERTIES CONTROLLING ULTIMATE REINFORCING AND CONDUCTIVITY
POTENTIAL OF SWNTS IN A POLYMER MATRIX 158
Thermal Conductivity Properties of Polymer-CNT Composites 158
Commercial Product Applications of Polymer-CNT Composites 159
TABLE 57 POLYMER COMPOSITE CNT PRODUCTS CURRENTLY MANUFACTURED OR UNDER
COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT 159
TABLE 58 LEADING COMPANIES INVOLVED IN THE COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF
CNT-POLYMER COMPOSITES 160
TABLE 59 MOST ACTIVE COMPANIES ACCORDING TO CNT-POLYMER COMPOSITE U.S.
PATENTS, 2007–DECEMBER 29, 2011 (TOTAL NUMBER OF PATENTS 607) 161
TABLE 60 OTHER ACTIVE ORGANIZATIONS ACCORDING TO U.S. CNT-POLYMER COMPOSITE
PATENTS, 2007–DECEMBER 29, 2011 162
Automotive Applications 162
TABLE 61 EXAMPLES OF READY-TO-MOLD HYPERION AUTOMOTIVE MWNT-RESIN
COMPOUNDS 163
TABLE 62 COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE FOR HYPERION CONDUCTIVE AUTOMOTIVE
MWNT-RESIN COMPOUNDS 163
TABLE 63 ADVANTAGES OF MWNTS COMPARED WITH CONVENTIONAL CONDUCTIVE
FILLERS USED IN MOLDED AUTOMOTIVE PLASTICS 164
TABLE 64 CLASSIFICATION OF CONDUCTIVE MOLDED PLASTICS ACCORDING TO FILLER
LOADING AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 165
TABLE 65 VARIOUS APPLICATIONS OF MWNTS IN ELECTROSTATICALLY DISSIPATIVE
PLASTIC AUTO COMPONENTS 165
TABLE 66 ADVANCES IN IMPROVING THE STRENGTH AND CONDUCTIVITY OF
POLYMER-CNT COMPOSITES, 2007–2009 168
Aeronautical Applications 168
TABLE 67 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN AEROSPACE CF COMPOSITES INDUSTRY 171
Electronic Applications 171
TABLE 68 VARIOUS ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS OF MWNTS IN MOLDED PLASTIC
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 171
Flame-Retardant Applications 172
Military Applications 173
TABLE 69 CNT COMPOSITE COMPANIES ATTRACTING MILITARY AND OTHER CIVILIAN
APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT 174
Space Applications 174
TABLE 70 FUTURE SPACE APPLICATIONS FOR CNTS 175
Sporting Goods Applications 175
TABLE 71 SPORTING GOODS PROTOTYPES BASED ON MWNT-PLASTIC COMPOSITES 176
Other Applications and Important Property Considerations 177
Biocatalytic Films 177
Biomedical Composites 177
Conventional Adhesives 178
Dry Adhesives 178
TABLE 72 RECENT PATENT ACTIVITY IN CNT DRY ADHESIVE SYSTEMS* 179
Polymer Composite Coatings and Inks 179
TABLE 73 ORGANIZATIONS EXPLORING CNT-BASED OR OTHER CARBON-BASED INKS AND
SMART COATINGS 179
TABLE 74 COMPARATIVE PROPERTY PERFORMANCE OF CONDUCTIVE TRANSPARENT
COMPOSITE COATINGS 181
Sensor Networks for Ongoing Composite Structural Diagnostics and
Repair 184
Surface Chemical Functionalization and Form Factor 185
ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS 186
TABLE 75 U.S. ORGANIZATIONS LEADING THE ELECTRONICS SECTOR WITH CNT PATENTS,
2010-DECEMBER 29, 2011 (NUMBER)* 186
TABLE 76 LEADING ASIAN AND EUROPEAN ORGANIZATIONS HOLDING ELECTRONICS CNT
PATENTS, 2010-DECEMBER 29, 2011 (NUMBER)** 187
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 188
Emergence of Nanoelectronics 188
TABLE 77 KEY CNT PROPERTIES ATTRACTING FUTURE ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS 190
CNT Electronic Components Development 190
Synthesis and Characterization of Electronic-Grade SWNTs 192
Electronic Device Integration and Self-Assembly 195
Competition-Silicon Nanowires 196
Connectivity, Large-Scale Integration and Potential Replacement for Copper 197
Thermal Management (Solid-Based) 200
TABLE 78 ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN CNT ELECTRONIC THERMAL MANAGEMENT
APPLICATIONS 200
California Institute of Technology 201
CAT Science/University of Copenhagen (Denmark) 201
Fujitsu, Ltd. (Japan) 201
IBM (Yorktown Heights, N.Y.) 202
Koila, Inc. (Sunnyvale, Calif.) 202
LG Electronics (Korea) 202
Molecular Nanosystems, Inc. (Palo Alto, Calif.) 202
Nanoconduction, Inc. (Sunnyvale, Calif.)/NASA Ames Research Center 203
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Golden, Colo.) 203
Nextreme Thermal Solutions (Research Triangle Park, N.C.) 203
OCZ Technology (Sunnyvale, Calif.) 203
Purdue University 203
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 204
University of California, Berkeley 204
University of Colorado 204
Thermal Management (Liquid-Based) 204
Cooligy, Inc. (Mountain View, Calif.) 205
Seoul National University, Korea 205
University of Leeds/Institute of Particle Science and Engineering, U.K. 205
Beyond the CMOSFET Paradigm 205
Current Industry FET Development 206
TABLE 79 LEADING COMPANIES WITH CNTFET PATENT INTEREST 206
GE Global Research Center 207
IBM Optoelectronic Applications 207
Infineon Technologies, Germany 208
Development of Other CNT Nanoelectronic Components 208
FE DISPLAYS AND RELATED DEVICES 209
What is FE? 209
Why CNTs are Attractive Material Candidates? 209
TABLE 80 ADVANTAGES OF CNTS AS A COLD FE CATHODE 209
FE Applications 210
FE Displays 211
Fabrication 211
How CNT-FEDs Compare with Other Display Technologies 211
TABLE 81 ADVANTAGES OF FE DISPLAYS OVER LCDS 212
Major Factors Dictating CNT-FED Development 212
TABLE 82 MAJOR FACTORS DICTATING EMERGENCE OF CNT-BASED TECHNOLOGY IN FPD
MARKETPLACE 212
Leading Organizations Involved in FED Development 213
TABLE 83 LEADING U.S. ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN U.S. CNT FED-DISPLAY PATENT
ACTIVITY, 2000-DECEMBER 29, 2011 (NUMBER) 213
TABLE 84 LEADING FOREIGN COUNTRIES INVOLVED IN U.S. CNT-FED DISPLAY PATENT
ACTIVITY, 2000-DECEMBER 29, 2011 (NUMBER) 213
TABLE 85 MAJOR PLAYERS AND ANCILLIARY GROUPS/COMPANIES INVOLVED IN CNT-FED
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT 214
TABLE 86 ORGANIZATIONS ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN CNT-FED PROTOTYPES, 2000–2011 215
Canon KK (Japan) 215
cDream Corp. (San Jose, Calif.) 216
CEA/LETI (France) 216
CopyTele, Inc. (Melville, N.Y.) 217
Futaba Corp. (Japan) 218
Japan, Inc. 219
Motorola Laboratories (Tempe, Ariz.) 219
TABLE 87 ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES OF MOTOROLA'S CNT-BASED FED COMPARED
WITH EXISTENT FPD TECHNOLOGIES 220
Nano-Proprietary/Applied Nanotech, Inc. (Austin, Texas) 220
Noritake Itron Corp./Ise Electronics (Japan) 222
Printable Field Emitters, Ltd. (U.K.) 223
Samsung (Korea) 223
Taiwan, Inc. 224
OTHER FED APPLICATIONS 225
TABLE 88 EXAMPLES OF OTHER FED APPLICATIONS 226
Light Bulbs and Light Sources 226
TABLE 89 ADVANTAGES OF FE-CNT FLUORESCENT WHITE LIGHT SOURCE OVER
CONVENTIONAL LAMPS 227
TABLE 90 RATIONALIZING CNT SYNTHESIS WITH END-USE FE PERFORMANCE
REQUIREMENTS 228
Applications of CNT-Based FE Light Sources 228
TABLE 91 ORGANIZATIONS WITH U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY RELATING TO CNT-BASED FE
LIGHT-SOURCES 228
Advance Nanotech, Inc./University of Bristol 229
Ahwahnee Technology (San Jose, Calif.) 229
Delta Optoelectronics, Inc. (Taiwan) 230
Dialight Japan Co., Ltd. 230
EPFL/NanoLight Int'l, Ltd. (Switzerland) 230
Electrovac AG (Austria) 231
Foxconn/Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. (Taiwan) 231
Hanwha Chemical Co./Iljin Nanotech (Korea) 232
IBM/Thomas J. Watson Research Center 232
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) 233
Nanoexa (Burlingame, Calif.) 233
Nano-Proprietary/Advanced Nanotech Holdings, Inc. (Austin, Texas) 233
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (Korea) 234
Taitung University, Taiwan 234
University of Surrey/Advanced Technology Institute (U.K.) 235
FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS AND ELECTRONICS 235
TABLE 92 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE APPLICATION OF CNTS IN
FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS AND DISPLAYS 237
Advance Nanotech, Inc. (New York, N.Y.)/Cambridge University, (U.K.) 238
Advanced Technology Institute/University of Surrey/Surrey Nanosystems, Ltd. 239
Aneeve Nanotechnologies, LLC (Los Angeles, Calif.) 239
Arrowhead Research (Pasadena, Calif.)/University of Florida 239
DuPont Electronic Technologies (Hayward, Calif.) 240
Eikos, Inc. (Franklin, Mass.) 241
NanoIntegris, Inc. (Skokie, Ill.) 241
NEC Corp. (Tokyo, Japan) 241
Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute 241
Unidym, Inc. (Menlo Park, Calif.) 242
University of Illinois/Semprius, Inc. (Durham, N.C.) 243
MEMORY APPLICATIONS 244
TABLE 93 ATTRACTIVE PROPERTIES OF CNTS FOR MEMORY APPLICATIONS 244
TABLE 94 LEADING COMMERCIAL PLAYERS IN CNT-MEMORY INITIATIVES BASED ON U.S.
PATENTS, 1997–DECEMBER 29, 2011 246
Nantero, Inc. (Woburn, Mass.) 246
SanDisk 3D LLC (Santa Clara, Calif.) 248
OTHER ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS 248
TABLE 95 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN OTHER APPLICATIONS OF CNTS USED IN
ELECTRONIC DEVICES 248
ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE 249
BATTERIES 249
Lead-acid Batteries 249
Lithium-Ion Batteries 250
Lithium Polymer Batteries 251
CNT Commercial Battery Developments 252
TABLE 96 LEADING PLAYERS IN CNT-BASED BATTERY TECHNOLOGY ACCORDING TO U.S.
PATENT ACTIVITY, 2004-DECEMBER 29, 2011 253
Micro Bubble Technologies, Inc. (South Korea)/Next Alternative, Inc. (Canada) 253
FUEL CELLS 254
TABLE 97 CNTS ENDEARING PROPERTIES USED IN FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS 255
Hydrogen Fuel Cells 255
TABLE 98 KEY PROPERTIES AFFECTING FUEL CELL PERFORMANCE 256
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (DMFC) 256
Substitution of CNTs in MEA Materials 257
CNTs Used in Hydrogen and DMFCs 257
Optimizing Catalyst Loading and Retention 257
CNT-Based MEAs 258
Critical Fuel Cell Components 258
Gas Diffusion Layers (GDLs) 258
Surface Wettability 259
Early Commercial Applications and Development of Fuel Cells 260
TABLE 99 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS PATENTING U.S. CNT FUEL CELL ENHANCEMENTS,
2002–DECEMBER 30, 2006 260
More Recent Patent Activity and Commercial Developments in Fuel Cells 261
TABLE 100 PATENT ACTIVITY IN CNT-BASED FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS AMONG U.S.
ORGANIZATIONS, 2007–DECEMBER 29, 2011 261
TABLE 101 PATENT ACTIVITY IN U.S. CNT-BASED FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS AMONG
FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONS, 2007-DECEMBER 29, 2011 262
Angstrom Power, Inc. (Vancouver, Canada) 262
Intematix Corp. (Fremont, Calif.) 263
Japan, Inc. 263
Motorola, Inc. (Tempe, Ariz.) 264
MTI MicroFuel Cells, Inc. (Albany, N.Y.) 265
Neah Power Systems, Inc. (Bothel, Wash.) 265
Pacific Fuel Cell Corp. (Riverside, Calif.) 266
Samsung SDI (Korea) 266
Showa Denko KK (Japan) 266
Toyota (Japan) 267
UltraCell Corp. (Livermore, Calif.) 267
HYDROGEN STORAGE 267
Carbon Nanostructures 268
Underlying System Properties 269
Commercial Development and Patent Activity 270
TABLE 102 EARLY PATENT ACTIVITY IN U.S. CNT-BASED HYDROGEN STORAGE
APPLICATIONS, 1997–APRIL 2006 270
TABLE 103 LEADING U.S. AND FOREIGN PATENT ACTIVITY IN U.S. CNT-BASED HYDROGEN
STORAGE APPLICATIONS, 2007–DECEMBER 29, 2011 271
Nanomix, Inc. 271
Motorola, Inc. 272
Sony Corporation 272
SUPERCAPACITORS 272
Basic Characteristics 272
TABLE 104 PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES 273
TABLE 105 ADVANTAGES OF SUPERCAPACITOR ELECTRICAL STORAGE DEVICES
COMPARED WITH BATTERIES 273
TABLE 106 COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF BATTERIES VERSUS CAPACITORS 274
Electric Double Layer Capacitor (EDLC) 274
Research Activities in CNT-Based EDLCs 275
Georgia Institute of Technology Textile and Fiber Engineering 275
INRS (Quebec, Canada) 275
MIT Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems (LEES) 276
NASA Johnson Space Center 276
National Institute of AIST (Japan) 277
Rice University 277
Stanford University/UCLA 277
Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology Research Center (China) 278
University of California, Davis 278
University of California, San Diego 279
University of Cambridge/Department of Engineering (U.K.) 279
University of Southern California (USC) 280
University of Texas at Austin 280
University of Texas at Dallas/NanoTech Institute 280
Early Patent Activity and Commercial Development in CNT-Based EDLCs 281
GSI Creos Corp., Asahi Glass and TDK (Japan) 281
TABLE 107 U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY IN U.S. CNT-BASED EDL CAPACITORS AND APPLICATIONS,
1997–DECEMBER 30, 2006 281
Hyperion Catalysis International 282
Iljin Nanotech (Korea) 282
Recent Patent Activity and Commercial Development in CNT-Based EDLCs 282
TABLE 108 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN U.S. CNT-BASED EDL CAPACITOR
PATENT ACTIVITY, 2007–DECEMBER 29, 2011 283
Arrowhead Research Corp./Agonn Systems, Inc. (Pasadena, Calif.) 284
Kemet Corp. (Greenville, S.C.) 284
Nisshinbo Holdings, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) 284
Honda Motor Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) 285
SOLAR/PV CELLS 285
Basic Characteristics 285
Academic Research 286
TABLE 109 ACADEMIC RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN CNT-BASED SOLAR CELLS 286
TABLE 110 MORE RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CNT-BASED SOLAR CELLS, 2010 TO 2012 287
Commercial Development 288
TABLE 111 CNT PATENT ACTIVITY IN SOLAR CELL APPLICATIONS, 1997–DECEMBER 30,
2006 (NUMBER) 288
TABLE 112 PATENT ACTIVITY LEADERS IN CNT-BASED SOLAR CELL APPLICATIONS,
2007–DECEMBER 29, 2011 (NUMBER) 289
Ambit Corp. (Ashland, Mass.) 290
Arrowhead Research Corp./Nan Polaris (Pasadena, Calif.) 290
BP Solar North America (Frederick, Mass.) 291
DuPont (Wilmington, Del.) 291
Dow Corning Corp. (Midland, Mich.) 292
Eikos, Inc. (Franklin, Mass.) 292
First Solar, LLC (Phoenix, Ariz.) 293
HelioVolt Corp. (Austin, Texas) 293
Innovalight, Inc. (Sunnyvale, Calif.) 294
Konarka Technologies (Lowell, Mass.) 294
Miasolé (San Jose, Calif.) 295
Nanosolar, Inc. (Palo Alto, Calif.) 295
Natcore Technogy (Red Bank, N.J.) 295
Plextronics, Inc. (Pittsburg, Pa.) 296
Wakonda Technologies, Inc/RIT 296
OTHER ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS 297
TABLE 113 PATENT ACTIVITY IN U.S. CNT-BASED APPLICATIONS USED IN OTHER ENERGY
CONVERSION SYSTEMS, 2007-DECEMBER 29, 2011 (NUMBER) 297
Mechanical Energy Storage 298
Thermionic Power 298
Thermal Rectifiers 299
Thermocells 299
Thermoelectric Power 299
Thermopower Wave 300
MEMBRANES: FILTRATION AND SEPARATION MEDIA 300
TABLE 114 ATTRACTIVE PROPERTIES OF CNTS AS SEPARATION MEMBRANES 301
DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS 301
TABLE 115 ORGANIZATIONS WITH U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY IN CNT MEMBRANES,
FILTRATION AND SEPARATION MEDIA, 2007-DECEMBER 29, 2011 301
TABLE 116 RESEARCH AND COMMERCIAL PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENTS OF VARIOUS
CNT-BASED MEMBRANE SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES 302
Biosource, Inc./Voltea, Ltd. (London, U.K.) 303
Clemson University 303
Cnanoz, Inc (Research Triangle Park, N.C.) 304
Covalent Industrial Technologies, LLC (Hayward, Calif.) 304
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) 305
NanOasis Technologies (Richmond, Calif.) 306
Philip Morris USA Research Center 306
Procter & Gamble Co. 307
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 307
Seldon Laboratories, LLC 308
University of Kentucky, Center for Applied Energy Research 308
Velocys, Inc. (Plain City, Ohio)/Oxford Catalysts Group plc (Oxford, U.K.) 309
SENSORS 310
TYPES OF SENSORS 310
TABLE 117 TYPES OF CNT SENSORS 310
Biosensors 310
TABLE 118 RECENT TYPES OF CNT BIOSENSOR SYSTEMS 311
Chemical Sensors 312
TABLE 119 KEY PROPERTIES OF CNTS EXPLOITED IN SENSOR APPLICATIONS 312
Physical Sensors and Actuators 313
RECENT PATENT ACTIVITY IN SENSORS 314
TABLE 120 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN U.S. CNT-SENSOR PATENT ACTIVITY,
2007–DECEMBER 29, 2011 (NUMBER) 315
COMMERCIAL PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENTS 315
Applied Nanotech Holdings, Inc. (Austin, Texas) 315
Enzyme Coated CNT Sensor 315
Gated Metal Oxide Sensor 315
Palladium Nanoparticle Hydrogen Sensor 316
Photoacoustic Sensor (PAS) 316
Other Recent Sensor and Detector-Related Developments 316
Honeywell Int'l, Inc. (Morristown, N.J.) 317
Motorola Laboratories (Tempe, Ariz.) 317
Nano Engineered Applications, Inc. (Riverside, Calif.) 318
Nanomix, Inc. (Emeryville, Calif.) 318
Nanosensors, Inc. (Santa Clara, Calif.) 320
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Wash. 320
YTC America, Inc. (Camarillo, Calif.) 321
OTHER APPLICATIONS 322
BIOSENSORS 322
Alpha Szenszor, Inc. (Worcester, Mass.) 322
Applied Nanotech Holdings, Inc. (Austin, Texas) 322
Nanomix, Inc. (Emeryville, Calif.)/MysticMD, Inc. (Groton, Conn.) 323
BIOMEDICAL DEVELOPMENTS 323
TABLE 121 POTENTIAL USES OF CNTS IN THE BIOMEDICAL AREA 323
TABLE 122 RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS IN CNT BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS, PRIOR TO
2007 323
TABLE 123 RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS IN CNT BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS, 2007-2009 324
TABLE 124 RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS IN CNT BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS, 2010–2011 326
Potential Commercial CNT Biomedical Developments 326
Cromoz, Inc. (Research Triangle Park, N.C.) 326
Ensysce Biosciences, Inc., (Houston, Texas) 327
Intel Corp. (Santa Clara, Calif.) 327
XinRay Systems, LLC (Research Triangle Park, N.C.) 327
CATALYST SUPPORTS 328
Industrial Chemical Process Synthesis 328
TABLE 125 U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY LEADERS IN CNT CATALYST SUPPORTS, 2007–DECEMBER
29, 2011 (NUMBER) 329
BTU Int'l, Inc. (North Billerica, Mass.) 329
Headwaters Technology Innovation, Inc. (Lawrenceville, N.J.) 330
Hyperion Catalysis Int'l, Inc. (Cambridge, Mass.) 330
Electrocatalysis 330
Photocatalytic Support Systems 330
TABLE 126 APPLICATIONS OF CNTS IN PHOTOCATALYTIC SYSTEMS 331
ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY 331
Xerox Corp. (Stamford, Conn.) 331
INSTRUMENTS: ACTUATORS, MANIPULATORS AND PROBES 332
TABLE 127 U.S. CNT PATENT ACTIVITY INVOLVING ACTUATORS, INSTRUMENTS AND
MANIPULATORS, 2009–DECEMBER 29, 2011 (NUMBER) 332
Commercial Developments in SPM/AFM CNT Probes 332
Carbon Design Innovations (Burlingame, Calif.) 333
Carbon Nanoprobes, Inc. (White Plains, N.Y.) 333
Xidex Corp. (Austin, Texas) 334
OIL RECOVERY 334
TABLE 128 U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY IN CNT ENHANCEMENTS IN OIL RECOVERY,
2010–DECEMBER 29, 2011 (NUMBER) 335
SECURITY 336
TABLE 129 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN VARIOUS CNT-BASED SECURITY
APPLICATIONS 336
Bioterrorism and Explosives Detection 336
Stanford University 337
MIT 337
Body Armor and Smart Textiles 337
National Research Council Canada (Ottawa, Canada) 338
Nanocomp Technologies, Inc. (Concord, N.H.) 338
Q-Flo, Ltd. (Cambridge, U.K.) 339
Nico Technologies (Ann Arbor, Mich.) 339
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags 339
Alien Technology Corp. (Morgan Hills, Calif.) 340
Ambient Systems, B.V. (Enschede, Netherlands) 340
AMBIT Corporation (Ashland, Mass.) 341
Nantero Inc. (Woburn, Mass.)/HP Specialty Printing Systems (San Diego,
Calif.) 341
X-Ray Detection 342
American Science and Engineering, Inc. (Billerica, Mass.) 342
XinRay Systems, LLC (Research Triangle Park, N.C.) 342
POLISHING 343
Applied Materials, Inc. (Santa Clara, Calif.) 343
CHAPTER 7 GLOBAL MARKET ANALYSIS 345
TECHNOLOGY PUSH 345
CNT COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION AND ESTIMATED SALES REVENUES 345
MWNTs 345
TABLE 130 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR MWNT ANNUAL PRODUCTION AND
REVENUES: TIER 1 COMPANIES, THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) 345
SWNTs 346
TABLE 131 GLOBAL ANNUAL PRODUCTION COMMITMENT FOR COMMERCIAL SWNTS AND
REVENUES: TIER 1 COMPANIES, THROUGH 2016 (KG/YEAR, $ MILLIONS) 347
Few-Walled Grades (FWNTs) 347
TABLE 132 FORECAST FOR SPECIALTY FWNTS PRODUCTION AND REVENUES, THROUGH
2016 347
MARKET PULL 348
COMPOSITES: POLYMER 348
TABLE 133 COMMERCIAL PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENTS IN CNT POLYMER COMPOSITES 348
COMPOSITES: OTHER MATRIX MATERIALS 349
TABLE 134 COMMERCIAL PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENTS IN OTHER MATRIX COMPOSITES 349
ELECTRONICS 350
TABLE 135 COMMERCIAL PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENTS IN ELECTRONICS 350
ENERGY 350
TABLE 136 COMMERCIAL PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENTS IN ENERGY 350
OTHER APPLICATIONS 351
TABLE 137 COMMERCIAL PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENTS IN OTHER APPLICATIONS 351
CHAPTER 8 NORTH AMERICAN MARKET ANALYSIS 353
CNT COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION AND ESTIMATED SALES REVENUES 353
MWNTS 353
TABLE 138 ANNUAL PRODUCTION COMMITMENT AND REVENUES FOR U.S. COMMERCIAL
MWNT PRODUCERS: TIER 1 COMPANIES, THROUGH 2016 (METRIC TONS, $ MILLIONS) 353
SWNTS 354
TABLE 139 ANNUAL PRODUCTION COMMITMENT AND REVENUES OF U.S. COMMERCIAL
SWNT PRODUCERS: TIER 1 COM
To order this report:Nanotechnology Industry: Global Markets and Technologies for Carbon Nanotubes
Nicolas Bombourg
Reportlinker
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