Global Markets and Technologies for Natural Gas Storage
NEW YORK, Aug. 15, 2013 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:
Global Markets and Technologies for Natural Gas Storage
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This study focuses on the storage of natural gas in the gaseous form and as liquefied natural gas (LNG). The study examines the underlying investment opportunities that are inherent in the development of the natural gas industry in which storage of gas is a key consideration.
REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
This report provides:
- An assessment and quantification of the current global natural gas and LNG storage market and demand
- Analyses of global market trends, with data from 2011 and 2012, and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2017
- Evaluation of the future global use of storage as a means of primary energy production
- Discussion of important current and potential environmental regulations that may affect the growth of this market
- Examination of pricing trends for key North American and European wholesale gas markets
- Assessment of the impacts of new and proposed infrastructure on LNG and underground gas storage projects
- A detailed patent analysis
- Comprehensive company profiles of the top players in the market.
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
The objective of this study is to examine the natural gas market in which storage of gas is a key consideration. It is challenging to examine only the storage component of the market, as storage is basically a component of the entire supply chain of the gas market. There are also two types of storage, conventional storage of gas in a gaseous form, and storage of natural gas after it has been reduced to a liquid through the application of compression and cryogenic technology. It is this latter type of technology that is relatively new to the industry that has revolutionized the entire structure of the industry and permitted the economic shipment of gas from its often-remote points of production to markets where it can be used in a vast variety of ways.
REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY
The reason for doing such a study is the underlying investment opportunities that are inherent in the development of the natural gas industry. What is clear is that in the twenty first century, there will be a revolution in the use of energy in transportation, industry and daily life comparable to the change that took place in the 20th century. The auto, the electric light, the airplane and a host of other products were developed that changed life in the modern world. It seems that the pattern will be repeated in the twenty first century as the Internet revolutionizes communication just as the telephone, invented toward the end of the nineteenth century revolutionized communications in the twentieth. Much the same thing will occur within the energy field as it morphs into new forms as it did when electric motors and gasoline engines replaced the nineteenth century steam engine and animal power in the twentieth.
Natural gas, solar power, wind power, tidal energy and a host of as yet undreamed of non-polluting energy sources will replace the coal, oil, and perhaps even natural gas in the twenty first century as the destruction created by environmental pollution is recognized as unacceptable. Natural gas is a step toward reducing levels of pollution while providing relatively low cost energy to a wide variety of users. It must be understood that while natural gas reduces carbon dioxide emissions by 45% compared to coal and 30% compared to oil it is not the ultimate answer to pollution control.The advantages of natural gas are that it is easily transported by pipeline and fairly easily using tankers both at sea and over the road. It can be piped into homes to provide heating, cooking, air conditioning, and to power a variety of other appliances. In situations where a user is not on a pipeline a small tank that can be recharged provides the same capabilities. It can also be used in vehicles including aircraft where it is cleaner than gasoline, diesel or most aircraft fuels. It is also a raw material for ammonia for fertilizers, and hydrogen, as well as in the production of some plastics and paints. It is relatively abundant, clean burning and easy to distribute.
Natural gas is also safer than propane in that it is lighter than air and if there is a leak it tends to dissipate. Propane is heavier than air and tends to pool into explosive pockets in the event of a leak. Natural gas can power any number of household appliances and it is less expensive than electricity that is the alternative, but is nonpolluting except in some cases at points of generation.It is important to understand that natural gas is not a perfect solution to the problems of pollution. While it is cleaner than coal or oil it still contributes substantial volumes of carbon dioxide to environmental greenhouse gases. By itself, natural gas is primarily methane, which is some 21 times as dangerous for greenhouse warming than carbon dioxide. This implies than any leakage of natural gas including those from animals, landfills, melting tundra, etc. contribute substantially to greenhouse emissions. It also carries a variety of risks. It has advantages, but is far from a panacea for energy problems and environmental control.
SCOPE OF REPORT
The focus of this report is presumably the storage of natural gas, and this theme will be returned to repeatedly in the course of this project. It is virtually impossible to adhere solely to the original title concerning gas storage. So long as there is a demand for storage, it must be viewed in the context of the entire natural gas industry and in some respects the entire energy industry. In some cases it is possible to be drawn far a-field. For example both natural gas and nuclear energy are used to generate electric power. If the power plant in question uses gas, the fuel must be stored on site to assure a continuous supply. A comparison of these problems is far outside the scope of this report.The real focus of the project looks at two closely related questions: the increase in the use of gas as a replacement for other energy sources and the increased requirements for the infrastructure required to handle the increasing demand for natural gas. It must be understood that the demand for and expansion of infrastructure and for storage facilities is a derived demand. It cannot be discussed in a vacuum, but as a result of a basic movement in the world energy market from one set of sources to another. Coal consumption for example will probably not increase significantly in the future and will probably decline.
Total energy demand worldwide will almost certainly increase and the proportion of this increase that will be filled by gas is almost certain to increase. That in turn implies the almost certain expansion of the requirements for gas storage. This project will attempt to quantify this increase over the five-year period beginning in 2012 and through 2017/18. It is virtually certain that the demand for gas and its storage will increase in this period in spite of the questions concerning global economic growth rates. It seems almost certain that "global GNP" will increase in this period, but exactly where the growth will occur and what the growth rates will be by area is less than clear.
INTENDED AUDIENCE
The readers envisioned for this report include business planners not only from those directly involved in the energy market but also those whose businesses involve the consumption of natural gas in almost any form either as a raw material or as a direct or indirect energy source. It is also a source of data for acquisition specialists, product managers, investors, investment consultants, market researchers, transportation specialists, business analysts, commodity and securities traders, business planners and anyone interested in the energy markets for almost any reason. The storage of natural gas either in gaseous or liquid form is of vital importance in a wide variety of disciplines and areas of activity ranging from seaborne transport to manufacturing to electric generation and innumerable additional areas.
The market for gas storage is a function of a wide variety of uses of gas for both energy and as a raw material.The future market for gas storage is a function of the future use levels of gas in a wide variety of situations, but the safe and secure storage of the product is of key importance to everyone involved in any of these markets or potential markets. There is also a major question of government regulation in both the transportation of gas and its storage. It must be remembered that if the product is mishandled or escapes from its storage containers or in transit, it can be highly hazardous. This implies government interest in both its handling and storage and the development of regulations to minimize the risks inherent in handling volatile and explosive fuels.The study also attempts to provide an insight into both the companies that provide or utilize gas storage and those companies that provide the construction expertise and hardware required to handle and store the product.
The construction of gas storage facilities can vary from a simple metal tank in a residential backyard to vast construction projects involving hundreds of millions or even billions of dollars.When the project was initiated it was assumed that there companies would emerge whose primary functions were the storage of gas and others whose primary activity was the planning and construction of gas storage facilities. As the research for the project progressed, it emerged that while there are any number of gas companies, transporters and distributors of natural gas, very few of them were specialists in any form of gas storage. It also became clear that the number of publically owned companies concentrated in gas storage at any level was limited to about twelve companies. The companies that are specialists in gas storage appear in a table below that also provides some basic data on the companies in question.
The publically owned giants such as the oil companies and their suppliers such as Halliburton, Dresser Industries, Fluor, Hughes Tool, Schlumberger, Transocean and many others dominate the industry. Virtually every one of these companies has some involvement in gas storage, but it is a minuscule element in their overall operations.The importance of gas storage as a component in investment decisions is questionable. There is no question that if the global consumption of natural gas increases as there will be incremental investment in the gas industry. The number of "pure plays" or exciting developments will be very limited, however. It is important to investors and planners that they have a clear picture of all the facets of the gas industry, its problems and its opportunities. The developments and changes in the gas industry will be primarily evolutionary as opposed to revolutionary.
INFORMATION SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY
There is a wide variety of information sources concerning natural gas. Probably the first to be consulted should be The U.S. Energy Information Administration, a part of the U.S. Department of Energy. This provides a wealth of information, but obviously with a distinct bias toward United States based sources and consumption. A closely related source is the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. A further source is NaturalGas.org. The American Gas Association provides a periodic Energy Industry Analyses and Statistics publication that is a periodic source of gas industry data. The library of Congress provides a wealth of gas industry information and access to reams of documents on which their comments are predicated. One of the prime sources of information and data on natural gas is a French source, a series of papers prepared by the "Group International Des Importateurs De Gaz Natural Liquéfié" or translated into English, "The International Group Of Liquefied Natural Gas Importers" also known as GIIGNL. It has published a series of papers that contain a wealth of information on the topic.Another source of technical information used extensively is the Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil and Gas, January 2006 Natural Gas Processing: The Crucial Link between Natural Gas Production and its Transportation to Market.
A further source of technical processing information is publications of Axens IFP Group, Technologies, Products and Services. They are producers of the equipment used in the industry and have nothing to do directly with the production of oil or gas. To quote their corporate mission, "Improving the performance of our clients and helping them to be more successful constitute our only mission. We are a non-aligned pure technology company. We do not sell motor fuels or chemicals and do not operate service stations."The estimates of future installation of storage capacity are based entirely on the estimates of gas consumption projected by market. In view of the economic uncertainties the levels of gas consumption estimated here may well be excessive if the global economic outlook remains uncertain for much longer.
The global economy is entering the third month of 2013 as this is written, and particularly in the developed economies of Europe and North America the situation is not clear. North America and Australia are somewhat brighter than Europe, and the developing economies of India and China are potentially huge markets for many things including gas storage. The growth rates of these are probably stronger than the developed economies. The other world economies including Japan and some of the African and Middle Eastern nations are huge question marks.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION 2
GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 2
REASONS FOR DOING THIS STUDY 2
SCOPE OF REPORT 3
INTENDED AUDIENCE 3
INFORMATION SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY 4
ANALYST'S CREDENTIALS 5
RELATED BCC REPORTS 5
BCC ONLINE SERVICES 6
DISCLAIMER 6
CHAPTER 2 SUMMARY 8
SUMMARY TABLE NATURAL GAS STORAGE BY CLASS OF STORAGE THROUGH 2017
(VOLUME OF STORAGE DISPLACEMENT IN MILLION CUBIC FEET) 8
SUMMARY FIGURE NATURAL GAS STORAGE BY CLASS OF STORAGE THROUGH
2017 (VOLUME OF STORAGE DISPLACEMENT IN MILLION CUBIC FEET) 8
CHAPTER 3 INDUSTRY OVERVIEW 11
SUMMARY 11
NATURAL GAS PROCESSING: THE CRUCIAL LINK BETWEEN NATURAL GAS
PRODUCTION AND ITS TRANSPORTATION TO MARKET. 11
IMPORTANCE OF THE STORAGE COMPONENT OF THE GAS INDUSTRY 12
INDUSTRY GROWTH IMPETUS 15
TYPES OF MARKETS AND MARKET PROBLEMS 16
GAS STORAGE 17
FIGURE 1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DELIVERABLE AND BASE OR CUSHION GAS (%) 19
OVERVIEW 20
DEFINITION 20
CONCEPTS IN THE GAS INDUSTRY 20
GAS PRICING STRUCTURE 23
IMPORTANCE OF THE INDUSTRY 23
INDICATIONS 24
HISTORY AND DESCRIPTION OF PRODUCTS, TECHNOLOGIES AND
APPLICATIONS 24
FORESEEABLE DEVELOPMENTS 25
GOVERNMENT REGULATION 25
CHAPTER 4 MARKETS BY PRODUCT 28
TABLE 1 NATURAL GAS STORAGE BY CLASS OF STORAGE, THROUGH 2017
(DISPLACEMENT IN MILLION CUBIC FEET) 29
TABLE 2 HISTORICAL NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY REGION, THROUGH 2012
(BILLION CUBIC FEET) 29
TABLE 3 NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION BY REGION, THROUGH 2011 (BILLION
CUBIC FEET) 30
TABLE 4 NATURAL GAS RESERVES BY REGION (TRILLION CUBIC METERS) 30
TABLE 5 HISTORICAL NATURAL GAS IMPORTS BY REGION, THROUGH 2010
(BILLION CUBIC FEET) 30
TABLE 6 RESERVE REVALUATION AND NEW DISCOVERIES IN THE 10 MOST
IMPORTANT NEW SOURCE NATIONS (MILLION CUBIC FEET) 31
UNDERGROUND AND LNG STORAGE 31
TRENDS AND UNCERTAINTIES IN THE GAS MARKET 32
MARKET SIZE AND FORECAST 34
Growth Drivers and Inhibitors in the Gas Storage Market Production
Levels 34
TABLE 7 THE GLOBAL GROWTH OF LNG PRODUCTION BY MAJOR PRODUCERS,
2010-2012 (%) 37
TABLE 8 HISTORIC WORLD NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY REGION, THROUGH
2011 (BILLION CUBIC METERS) 37
TABLE 9 PROJECTED WORLD NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2017
(BILLION CUBIC METERS) 38
Natural Gas Vehicles 41
Storage Faculties Currently On the Market 41
Trends and Uncertainties in the Market 43
TABLE 10 NUMBER OF NG VEHICLES BY REGION, THROUGH 2011 46
TABLE 11 COMPARATIVE PRICES FOR GASOLINE AND NATURAL GAS BY COUNTRY
($ AND €/KWH) 46
CHAPTER 5 STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES 48
TECHNOLOGY FOR UNDERGROUND STORAGE 48
WHO ARE THE OWNERS AND OPERATORS OF GAS STORAGE SITES? 50
Issues in Gas Storage That Technology Seeks to Improve 52
The Main Issues that Technology Seeks to Resolve 53
Descriptions of Technologies in Which Main R&D are Invested 56
FIGURE 2 POSSIBLE AIRCRAFT NG FUEL CONFIGURATION 57
Foreseeable Elements 58
Technologies for Natural Gas Vehicles 58
TABLE 12 NATURAL GAS VEHICLES BY REGION, THROUGH 2017 (NUMBERS OF
VEHICLES) 61
TABLE 13 NATURAL GAS FUELING STATIONS AND VEHICLES BY REGION 61
TABLE 14 HISTORICAL NATURAL GAS VEHICLE SALES BY REGION, 2010-2017
(COMPUTED) 62
Types of Technologies Used in These Storage Facilities 63
TABLE 15 STORAGE PROCESS PERFORMANCE COMPARISON 63
The Main Resolutions Technology Seeks In Local Delivery 64
Descriptions of Primary Technologies for R&D Funds 64
Foreseeable Developments 65
CHAPTER 6 INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 67
SUMMARY 67
TABLE 16 COMPARATIVE GAS PRICES BY SAMPLE COUNTRIES, 2012 PRICE PER
KWH ($ / KWH) 67
GLOBAL NATURAL GAS PRICING 68
OVERVIEW OF THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY'S STRUCTURE 70
EXPLORATION 71
EXTRACTION 72
PRODUCTION 72.
Completion 74
The Wellhead 75
Lifting and Well Treatment 76
NATURAL GAS PROCESSING 76
Condensate and Oil Removal 78
Water Removal 78
Separation of Natural Gas Liquids 78
Sulfur and Carbon Dioxide Removal 79
IMPORTANCE OF PROCESSING TO THE VALUE CHAIN 79
TRANSPORT OF GAS 79
Interstate Pipelines 81
Pipeline Components 81
Compressor Stations 82
Metering Stations 82
Valves 82
Control Stations and SCADA Systems 83
PIPELINE CONSTRUCTION 83
PIPELINE INSPECTION AND SAFETY 84
STORAGE OF NATURAL GAS 84
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM 84
NATURAL GAS MARKETING 85
SUMMARY OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY 86
INVESTMENT IN THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY 86
A DISCUSSION OF GAS STORAGE CAPACITY 86
TABLE 17 U.S. UNDERGROUND STORAGE CAPACITY, THROUGH 2011 (MILLION
CUBIC FEET) 87
TABLE 18 U.S. UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE FACILITIES, 1989-2011 (NUMBERS) 88
CHAPTER 7 WORLD NATURAL GAS MARKETPLACE BY GEOGRAPHY 90
ELEMENTS IN THE DEMAND FOR NATURAL GAS BY GEOGRAPHY 90
TABLE 19 HISTORICAL NATURAL GAS EXPORTS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012
(BILLION CUBIC FEET) 90
TABLE 20 HISTORICAL NATURAL GAS SPOT PRICES AT MAJOR GLOBAL MARKETS,
2008-2011 (U.S. DOLLARS PER MILLION BRITISH THERMAL UNITS (MMBTU)) 90
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF GAS STORAGE IN DEVELOPED COUNTRIES 91
TABLE 21 NATURAL GAS FUELING STATIONS BY REGION 2011 92
TABLE 22 HISTORICAL NATURAL GAS VEHICLES BY REGION, THROUGH 2011
(NUMBERS OF VEHICLES) 93
NORTH AMERICA 93
TABLE 23 HISTORICAL NORTH AMERICAN NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION, THROUGH
2012 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 94
NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION 94
TABLE 24 NORTH AMERICAN NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY (TRILLION
CUBIC METERS) 94
TABLE 25 U.S. GAS HISTORIC PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2012
(MILLION CUBIC FEET) 95
TABLE 26 HISTORICAL NORTH AMERICAN NATURAL GAS EXPORTS BY COUNTRY,
THROUGH 2017 (MILLION CUBIC FEET) 95
TABLE 27 NORTH AMERICAN GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
2008 (MILLION CUBIC FEET) 95
TABLE 28 NORTH AMERICAN GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
2009 (MILLION CUBIC FEET) 96
TABLE 29 NORTH AMERICAN GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY,
2010 (MILLION CUBIC FEET) 96
TABLE 30 NORTH AMERICAN GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
2011 (MILLION CUBIC FEET) 96
Storage 96
TABLE 31 U.S. GAS STORAGE AND LNG INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS ($
MILLIONS) 97
Regulation/Deregulation 97
Forecast 97
EURASIA 98
TABLE 32 NATIONAL COMPONENTS OF EURASIA, BY COUNTRY 98
TABLE 33 HISTORICAL EURASIAN NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
2008-2012 (BILLION CUBIC METERS) 99
TABLE 34 HISTORICAL EURASIAN NATURAL GAS EXPORTS BY COUNTRY, THROUGH
2017 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 99
TABLE 35 EURASIAN NATURAL GAS RESERVES BY COUNTRY (TRILLION CUBIC
METERS) 100
AFRICA 100
TABLE 36 AFRICAN NATURAL GAS RESERVES, BY COUNTRY (TRILLION CUBIC
METERS) 101
TABLE 37 HISTORICAL AFRICAN NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
THROUGH 2017 (BILLION CUBIC METERS) 102
MIDDLE EAST 102
TABLE 38 HISTORICAL MIDDLE EASTERN NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
THROUGH 2011 (BILLION CUBIC METERS) 103
TABLE 39 MIDDLE EASTERN NATURAL GAS RESERVES BY COUNTRY (TRILLION
CUBIC METERS) 103
TABLE 40 HISTORICAL MIDDLE EASTERN NATURAL GAS EXPORTS BY COUNTRY,
THROUGH 2017 (BILLION CUBIC METERS) 104
EUROPEAN GAS MARKET 105
TABLE 41 HISTORICAL EUROPEAN NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
THROUGH 2017 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 105
TABLE 42 HISTORICAL EUROPEAN NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
THROUGH 2017 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 107
TABLE 43 EUROPEAN GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY, 2008
(BILLION CUBIC FEET) 107
TABLE 44 EUROPEAN GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY, 2009
(BILLION CUBIC FEET) 108
TABLE 45 EUROPEAN GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY, 2010
(BILLION CUBIC FEET) 109
TABLE 46 EUROPEAN GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY, 2011
(BILLION CUBIC FEET) 109
ASIA AND OCEANIA 110
TABLE 47 ASIA AND OCEANIA GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
2008 (BILLION CU. FEET) 112
TABLE 48 HISTORICAL ASIA AND OCEANIA NATURAL GAS EXPORTS BY COUNTRY,
THROUGH 2017 (BILLION CUBIC METERS) 112
TABLE 49 ASIA & OCEANIA GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
2009 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 113
TABLE 50 ASIA AND OCEANIA GAS RESERVES BY COUNTRY (TRILLION CUBIC FEET) 113
TABLE 51 ASIA AND OCEANIA GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION, 2010
(BILLION CUBIC FEET) 114
TABLE 52 ASIA GAS AND OCEANIA CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
2011 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 114
SOUTH AMERICA 115
TABLE 53 SOUTH AMERICAN GAS PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION BY COUNTRY,
2008 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 115
TABLE 54 SOUTH AMERICAN GAS PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION BY COUNTRY,
2009 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 116
TABLE 55 SOUTH AMERICAN GAS PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION BY COUNTRY,
2010 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 117
TABLE 56 SOUTH AMERICAN GAS PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION BY COUNTRY,
2011 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 117
TABLE 57 SOUTH AMERICAN NATURAL GAS RESERVES BY COUNTRY (TRILLION
CUBIC METERS) 118
TABLE 58 HISTORICAL SOUTH AMERICAN NATURAL GAS EXPORTS BY COUNTRY,
THROUGH 2017 (BILLION CUBIC METERS) 118
CHAPTER 8 OPPORTUNITIES IN THE NATURAL GAS INDUSTRY - GLOBAL LNG
TRANSPORT 120
THE BACKGROUND OF GAS TRANSPORT 120
THE SOLUTION: LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS (LNG) 120
TABLE 59 LNG EXPORTING NATIONS, 2011 (MILLION TONS) 122
TABLE 60 GLOBAL IMPORTERS OF LNG BY COUNTRY, 2011 (MILLION TONS/%) 123
TABLE 61 AREA LIQUEFACTION CAPACITY AND 2016 PROJECTION (MILLION TONS
PER ANNUM [MTPA]) 125
THE OUTLOOK FOR LNG GROWTH 125
LNG Tankers 125
TABLE 62 LNG TANKERS UNDER CONSTRUCTION BY PROJECTED DELIVERY,
2013-2016 (NO. OF VESSELS) 126
CHAPTER 9 COMPANY PROFILES 133
SUMMARY 133
COMPANIES 133
AES CORP. 133
Overview 133
Corporate Strategy 133
AES GENER SA 134
Overview 134
CHINA RESOURCES POWER HOLDINGS CO. LTD. 134
Overview 134
Corporate Strategy 134
CHINA YANGTZE POWER CO. LTD. 135
Overview 135
Corporate Strategy 135
E.ON AG 135
Overview 135
CONSTELLATION ENERGY GROUP, INC. 136
Overview 136
Corporate Strategy 136
DATANG INTERNATIONAL POWER GENERATION CO., LTD. 136
Overview 136
Corporate Strategy 137
DOMINION RESOURCES, INC. 137
Overview 137
Corporate Strategy 137
ESKOM HOLDINGS LTD. 137
Overview 138
Corporate Strategy 138
ENDESA SA 138
Overview 138
Corporate Strategy 138
ENERGIE BADEN-WURTTEMBERG AG 139
Overview 139
Corporate Strategy 139
ELETROBRAS 139
Overview 139
Corporate Strategy 140
ELECTRICITE DE FRANCE 140
Overview 140
Corporate Strategy 140
ENERSIS SA 140
Overview 141
Corporate Strategy 141
HUANENG POWER INTERNATIONAL 141
Overview 141
Corporate Strategy 141
INTERNATIONAL POWER PLC 142
Overview 142
Corporate Strategy 142
J-POWER/ELECTRIC POWER DEVELOPMENT CO., LTD 142
Overview 142
Corporate Strategy 143
MIDAMERICAN ENERGY HOLDINGS CO. 143
Overview 143
NEXTERA ENERGY, INC. 143
Overview 143
Corporate Strategy 144
NRG ENERGY INC. 144
Overview 144
Corporate Strategy 144
NTPC LTD. 144
Overview 145
EGY045B - Global Markets and Technologies for Natural Gas Storage
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TOPIC PAGE NO.
Corporate Strategy 145
PUBLIC SERVICE ENTERPRISE GROUP INC. 145
Overview 145
Corporate Strategy 145
RWE AG 146
Overview 146
Corporate Strategy 146
RUSHYDRO JSC 146
Overview 146
Corporate Strategy 146
SEMPRA ENERGY 147
Overview 147
Corporate Strategy 147
SCOTTISH & SOUTHERN ENERGY PLC 147
Overview 147
Corporate Strategy 148
SAUDI ELECTRICITY CO. 148
Overview 148
Corporate Strategy 148
SOUTHERN CO. 148
Overview 149
Corporate Strategy 149
TOKYO ELECTRIC POWER CO., INC. 150
Overview 150
Corporate Strategy 150
TATA POWER CO., LTD. 150
Overview 150
Corporate Strategy 151
VATTENFALL AB 151
Overview 151
Corporate Strategy 151
EGY045B - Global Markets and Technologies for Natural Gas Storage
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE HEADING PAGE NO.
SUMMARY TABLE NATURAL GAS STORAGE BY CLASS OF STORAGE THROUGH 2017
(VOLUME OF STORAGE DISPLACEMENT IN MILLION CUBIC FEET) 8
TABLE 1 NATURAL GAS STORAGE BY CLASS OF STORAGE, THROUGH 2017
(DISPLACEMENT IN MILLION CUBIC FEET) 29
TABLE 2 HISTORICAL NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY REGION, THROUGH 2012
(BILLION CUBIC FEET) 29
TABLE 3 NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION BY REGION, THROUGH 2011 (BILLION CUBIC
FEET) 30
TABLE 4 NATURAL GAS RESERVES BY REGION (TRILLION CUBIC METERS) 30
TABLE 5 HISTORICAL NATURAL GAS IMPORTS BY REGION, THROUGH 2010 (BILLION
CUBIC FEET) 30
TABLE 6 RESERVE REVALUATION AND NEW DISCOVERIES IN THE 10 MOST
IMPORTANT NEW SOURCE NATIONS (MILLION CUBIC FEET) 31
TABLE 7 THE GLOBAL GROWTH OF LNG PRODUCTION BY MAJOR PRODUCERS,
2010-2012 (%) 37
TABLE 8 HISTORIC WORLD NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY REGION, THROUGH 2011
(BILLION CUBIC METERS) 37
TABLE 9 PROJECTED WORLD NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2017 (BILLION
CUBIC METERS) 38
TABLE 10 NUMBER OF NG VEHICLES BY REGION, THROUGH 2011 46
TABLE 11 COMPARATIVE PRICES FOR GASOLINE AND NATURAL GAS BY COUNTRY ($
AND €/KWH) 46
TABLE 12 NATURAL GAS VEHICLES BY REGION, THROUGH 2017 (NUMBERS OF
VEHICLES) 61
TABLE 13 NATURAL GAS FUELING STATIONS AND VEHICLES BY REGION 61
TABLE 14 HISTORICAL NATURAL GAS VEHICLE SALES BY REGION, 2010-2017
(COMPUTED) 62
TABLE 15 STORAGE PROCESS PERFORMANCE COMPARISON 63
TABLE 16 COMPARATIVE GAS PRICES BY SAMPLE COUNTRIES, 2012 PRICE PER KWH
($ / KWH) 67
TABLE 17 U.S. UNDERGROUND STORAGE CAPACITY, THROUGH 2011 (MILLION
CUBIC FEET) 87
TABLE 18 U.S. UNDERGROUND GAS STORAGE FACILITIES, 1989-2011 (NUMBERS) 88
TABLE 19 HISTORICAL NATURAL GAS EXPORTS BY REGION, THROUGH 2012
(BILLION CUBIC FEET) 90
TABLE 20 HISTORICAL NATURAL GAS SPOT PRICES AT MAJOR GLOBAL MARKETS,
2008-2011 (U.S. DOLLARS PER MILLION BRITISH THERMAL UNITS (MMBTU)) 90
TABLE 21 NATURAL GAS FUELING STATIONS BY REGION 2011 92
TABLE 22 HISTORICAL NATURAL GAS VEHICLES BY REGION, THROUGH 2011
(NUMBERS OF VEHICLES) 93
TABLE 23 HISTORICAL NORTH AMERICAN NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION, THROUGH
2012 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 94
TABLE 24 NORTH AMERICAN NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY (TRILLION
CUBIC METERS) 94
TABLE 25 U.S. GAS HISTORIC PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION, THROUGH 2012
(MILLION CUBIC FEET) 95
TABLE 26 HISTORICAL NORTH AMERICAN NATURAL GAS EXPORTS BY COUNTRY,
THROUGH 2017 (MILLION CUBIC FEET) 95
TABLE 27 NORTH AMERICAN GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
2008 (MILLION CUBIC FEET) 95
EGY045B - Global Markets and Technologies for Natural Gas Storage
Copyright © BCC Research, Wellesley MA USA, Website: www.bccresearch.com
TABLE HEADING PAGE NO.
TABLE 28 NORTH AMERICAN GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
2009 (MILLION CUBIC FEET) 96
TABLE 29 NORTH AMERICAN GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION, BY COUNTRY,
2010 (MILLION CUBIC FEET) 96
TABLE 30 NORTH AMERICAN GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
2011 (MILLION CUBIC FEET) 96
TABLE 31 U.S. GAS STORAGE AND LNG INFRASTRUCTURE INVESTMENTS ($
MILLIONS) 97
TABLE 32 NATIONAL COMPONENTS OF EURASIA, BY COUNTRY 98
TABLE 33 HISTORICAL EURASIAN NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
2008-2012 (BILLION CUBIC METERS) 99
TABLE 34 HISTORICAL EURASIAN NATURAL GAS EXPORTS BY COUNTRY, THROUGH
2017 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 99
TABLE 35 EURASIAN NATURAL GAS RESERVES BY COUNTRY (TRILLION CUBIC
METERS) 100
TABLE 36 AFRICAN NATURAL GAS RESERVES, BY COUNTRY (TRILLION CUBIC
METERS) 101
TABLE 37 HISTORICAL AFRICAN NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
THROUGH 2017 (BILLION CUBIC METERS) 102
TABLE 38 HISTORICAL MIDDLE EASTERN NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
THROUGH 2011 (BILLION CUBIC METERS) 103
TABLE 39 MIDDLE EASTERN NATURAL GAS RESERVES BY COUNTRY (TRILLION CUBIC
METERS) 103
TABLE 40 HISTORICAL MIDDLE EASTERN NATURAL GAS EXPORTS BY COUNTRY,
THROUGH 2017 (BILLION CUBIC METERS) 104
TABLE 41 HISTORICAL EUROPEAN NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
THROUGH 2017 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 105
TABLE 42 HISTORICAL EUROPEAN NATURAL GAS PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
THROUGH 2017 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 107
TABLE 43 EUROPEAN GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY, 2008
(BILLION CUBIC FEET) 107
TABLE 44 EUROPEAN GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY, 2009
(BILLION CUBIC FEET) 108
TABLE 45 EUROPEAN GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY, 2010
(BILLION CUBIC FEET) 109
TABLE 46 EUROPEAN GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY, 2011
(BILLION CUBIC FEET) 109
TABLE 47 ASIA AND OCEANIA GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
2008 (BILLION CU. FEET) 112
TABLE 48 HISTORICAL ASIA AND OCEANIA NATURAL GAS EXPORTS BY COUNTRY,
THROUGH 2017 (BILLION CUBIC METERS) 112
TABLE 49 ASIA & OCEANIA GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
2009 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 113
TABLE 50 ASIA AND OCEANIA GAS RESERVES BY COUNTRY (TRILLION CUBIC FEET) 113
TABLE 51 ASIA AND OCEANIA GAS CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION, 2010 (BILLION
CUBIC FEET) 114
TABLE 52 ASIA GAS AND OCEANIA CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION BY COUNTRY,
2011 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 114
TABLE 53 SOUTH AMERICAN GAS PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION BY COUNTRY,
2008 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 115
TABLE 54 SOUTH AMERICAN GAS PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION BY COUNTRY,
2009 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 116
EGY045B - Global Markets and Technologies for Natural Gas Storage
Copyright © BCC Research, Wellesley MA USA, Website: www.bccresearch.com
TABLE HEADING PAGE NO.
TABLE 55 SOUTH AMERICAN GAS PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION BY COUNTRY,
2010 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 117
TABLE 56 SOUTH AMERICAN GAS PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION BY COUNTRY,
2011 (BILLION CUBIC FEET) 117
TABLE 57 SOUTH AMERICAN NATURAL GAS RESERVES BY COUNTRY (TRILLION
CUBIC METERS) 118
TABLE 58 HISTORICAL SOUTH AMERICAN NATURAL GAS EXPORTS BY COUNTRY,
THROUGH 2017 (BILLION CUBIC METERS) 118
TABLE 59 LNG EXPORTING NATIONS, 2011 (MILLION TONS) 122
TABLE 60 GLOBAL IMPORTERS OF LNG BY COUNTRY, 2011 (MILLION TONS/%) 123
TABLE 61 AREA LIQUEFACTION CAPACITY AND 2016 PROJECTION (MILLION TONS
PER ANNUM [MTPA]) 125
TABLE 62 LNG TANKERS UNDER CONSTRUCTION BY PROJECTED DELIVERY,
2013-2016 (NO. OF VESSELS) 126
EGY045B - Global Markets and Technologies for Natural Gas Storage
Copyright © BCC Research, Wellesley MA USA, Website: www.bccresearch.com
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE NO.
SUMMARY FIGURE NATURAL GAS STORAGE BY CLASS OF STORAGE THROUGH 2017
(VOLUME OF STORAGE DISPLACEMENT IN MILLION CUBIC FEET) 8
FIGURE 1 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DELIVERABLE AND BASE OR CUSHION GAS (%) 19
FIGURE 2 POSSIBLE AIRCRAFT NG FUEL CONFIGURATION 57
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