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Investigadores de los NIH identifican un posible nuevo fármaco antiviral para la COVID-19

El compuesto tiene como blanco a la enzima viral esencial y evita la replicación en las células


News provided by

Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Jun 04, 2021, 11:32 ET

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BETHESDA, Maryland, 4 de junio de 2021 /PRNewswire-HISPANIC PR WIRE/ -- El fármaco experimental TEMPOL puede ser un tratamiento antiviral oral prometedor para la COVID-19, se sugiere un estudio de cultivos celulares realizado por investigadores de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud (NIH). TEMPOL puede limitar la infección por SARS-CoV-2 al alterar la actividad de una enzima viral llamada ARN replicasa. El trabajo fue dirigido por investigadores del Instituto Nacional de Salud Infantil y Desarrollo Humano Eunice Kennedy Shriver (NICHD) de los NIH. El estudio fue publicado en la revista Science.

"Necesitamos con urgencia tratamientos adicionales eficaces y accesibles para la COVID-19", afirmó la doctora Diana W. Bianchi, directora del NICHD. "Un fármaco oral que evite la replicación del SARS-CoV-2 sería una herramienta importante para reducir la gravedad de la enfermedad".

El equipo de estudio fue dirigido por la doctora Tracey A. Rouault, directora de la sección del NICHD sobre el Metabolismo del Hierro en Humanos. Descubrió la efectividad de TEMPOL al evaluar una pregunta más básica sobre cómo el virus usa su ARN replicasa, una enzima que le permite al SARS-CoV-2 replicar su genoma y hacer copias de sí mismo una vez que se encuentra dentro de una célula.

Los investigadores probaron si la ARN replicasa (específicamente la subunidad nsp12 de la enzima) requiere grupos de hierro-azufre para su soporte estructural. Sus hallazgos indican que la ARN replicasa del SARS-CoV-2 requiere dos grupos de hierro-azufre para funcionar de manera óptima. Estudios anteriores habían identificado erróneamente estos sitios de enlaces con los grupos de hierro-azufre para sitios de enlace con el zinc, probablemente porque los grupos de hierro-azufre se degradan fácilmente en condiciones experimentales estándar.

La identificación de esta característica de la ARN replicasa también permite a los investigadores aprovechar una debilidad del virus. TEMPOL puede degradar los grupos de hierro-azufre, y la investigación previa del Laboratorio Rouault ha demostrado que el fármaco puede ser eficaz en otras enfermedades que involucran a los grupos de hierro-azufre. En experimentos con cultivos celulares del virus SARS-CoV-2 vivo, el equipo del estudio descubrió que el fármaco puede inhibir la replicación viral.

Con base en estudios previos de TEMPOL en animales realizados para otras enfermedades, los autores del estudio señalaron que las dosis de TEMPOL utilizadas en sus experimentos antivirales probablemente podrían funcionar en tejidos que son los principales objetivos del virus, como las glándulas salivales y los pulmones.

"Dado el perfil de seguridad de TEMPOL y la dosis considerada terapéutica en nuestro estudio, tenemos esperanzas", dijo la Dra.  Rouault. "Sin embargo, se necesitan estudios clínicos para determinar si el fármaco es eficaz en los pacientes, especialmente en las primeras etapas del curso de la enfermedad, cuando el virus comienza a replicarse".

El equipo de estudio planea realizar estudios adicionales en animales y buscará oportunidades para evaluar TEMPOL en un estudio clínico de la COVID-19.

Entre los autores del estudio que pertenecen a los NIH se encuentran investigadores del Instituto Nacional del Cáncer, el Instituto Nacional de Alergias y Enfermedades Infecciosas y el Instituto Nacional de Trastornos Neurológicos y Accidentes Cerebrovasculares. Los autores de la Universidad Estatal de Pensilvania son financiados por el Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas Generales de los NIH.

ARTÍCULO
Maio N, et al. Degradation of newly found Fe-S cofactors in the RdRp of SARS-CoV-2 suppresses viral infection. Science DOI: 10.1126/science.abi5224 (2021)

###

Acerca del Instituto Nacional de Salud Infantil y Desarrollo Humano Eunice Kennedy Shriver (NICHD): El NICHD lidera la investigación y la capacitación para comprender el desarrollo humano, mejorar la salud reproductiva, mejorar la vida de niños y adolescentes y optimizar las capacidades de todas las personas. Para obtener más información, visite https://www.nichd.nih.gov.

Acerca de los Institutos Nacionales de Salud (NIH): Los NIH, la agencia de investigación médica de la nación, incluye 27 institutos y centros y es un componente del Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de los Estados Unidos. Los NIH son la principal agencia federal que adelanta y apoya investigaciones médicas básicas, clínicas y traslacionales, y está investigando las causas, tratamientos y curas tanto para enfermedades comunes como raras. Para obtener más información sobre los NIH y sus programas, visite https://www.nih.gov.

FUENTE Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; National Institutes of Health (NIH)

Related Links

https://www.nichd.nih.gov

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