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NUST MISIS-Wissenschaftler machen einen Schritt in Richtung Quantensupermacht
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The National University of Science and Technology MISiS

Mar 18, 2021, 05:00 ET

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MOSKAU, 18. März 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- Ein russisch-deutsches Forscherteam hat einen Quantensensor entwickelt, der die Messung und Manipulation von einzelnen Zwei-Niveau-Defekten in Qubits ermöglicht. Die Studie von NUST MISIS, Russian Quantum Center und dem Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, veröffentlicht in npj Quantum Information, könnte den Weg für Quantencomputer ebnen.

Beim Quantencomputing wird die Information in Qubits kodiert. Qubits (oder Quantenbits), das quantenmechanische Analogon eines klassischen Bits, sind kohärente Zwei-Niveau-Systeme. Eine heute führende Qubit-Modalität sind supraleitende Qubits, die auf dem Josephson-Übergang basieren. Das ist die Art von Qubit, die IBM und Google in ihren Quantenprozessoren verwenden. Die Wissenschaftler sind jedoch immer noch auf der Suche nach dem perfekten Qubit - demjenigen, das präzise gemessen und gesteuert werden kann und dabei unbeeinflusst von seiner Umgebung bleibt.

Das Schlüsselelement eines supraleitenden Qubits ist der nanoskalige Supraleiter-Isolator-Supraleiter Josephson-Übergang. Ein Josephson-Übergang ist ein Tunnelübergang, der aus zwei Stücken supraleitenden Metalls besteht, die durch eine sehr dünne isolierende Barriere getrennt sind. Der am häufigsten verwendete Isolator ist Aluminiumoxid.

Moderne Techniken erlauben es nicht, ein Qubit mit 100-prozentiger Präzision zu bauen, was zu so genannten tunnelnden Zwei-Niveau-Defekten führt, die die Leistung von supraleitenden Quantenbauelementen einschränken und Berechnungsfehler verursachen. Diese Defekte tragen dazu bei, dass ein Qubit eine extrem kurze Lebensdauer hat, die sogenannte Dekohärenz.

Tunneldefekte in Aluminiumoxid und an Oberflächen von Supraleitern sind eine wichtige Quelle für Fluktuationen und Energieverluste in supraleitenden Qubits, die letztlich die Laufzeit des Computers begrenzen. Je mehr Materialfehler auftreten, desto mehr beeinträchtigen sie die Leistung des Cubits und verursachen mehr Berechnungsfehler, so die Forscher.

Der neue Quantensensor ermöglicht die Messung und Manipulation von einzelnen Zwei-Niveau-Defekten in Quantensystemen. Laut Prof. Alexey Ustinov, Leiter des Labors für supraleitende Metamaterialien am NUST MISIS und Gruppenleiter am Russian Quantum Center, der die Studie mitverfasst hat, ist der Sensor selbst ein supraleitendes Qubit, das die Erkennung und Manipulation einzelner Defekte ermöglicht. Traditionelle Techniken zur Untersuchung der Materialstruktur, wie z. B. Kleinwinkel-Röntgenstreuung (SAXS), sind nicht empfindlich genug, um kleine individuelle Defekte zu erkennen. Die Studie könnte Wege für die Quantenmaterialspektroskopie eröffnen, um die Struktur von Tunnelfehlern zu untersuchen und verlustarme Dielektrika zu entwickeln, die für die Weiterentwicklung von supraleitenden Quantencomputern dringend benötigt werden, glauben die Forscher.

Link: https://en.misis.ru/university/news/science/2021-03/7259/

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