Reportlinker Adds Biomarkers - Technologies, Markets and Companies
NEW YORK, June 3 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:
Biomarkers - technologies, markets and companies
http://www.reportlinker.com/p0203536/Biomarkers---technologiesmarkets-and-companies.html
Summary
This report follows the broad definition of a biomarker as a characteristic that can be objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological or pathogenic processes as well as pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. Tests based on biomarkers have been around for more than half a century, but interest in their application for diagnostics and drug discovery as well as development has increased remarkably since the beginning of the 21st century. This report describes different types of biomarkers and their discovery using various "-omics" technologies such as proteomics and metabolomics. Molecular diagnostics technologies are used for the discovery of biomarkers and new tests are also based on biomarker.
Currently the most important applications of biomarkers are in drug discovery and development. The role of biomarkers in various therapeutic areas particularly cancer, cardiovascular diseases and disorders of the central nervous system, is described. Biomarkers are useful not only for diagnosis of some of these diseases but also for understanding the pathomechanism as well as a basis for development of therapeutics.
Biomarkers will facilitate the combination of therapeutics with diagnostics and will thus play an important role in the development of personalized medicine. Biomarkers play a role in use of pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics and pharmacoproteomics for development of personalized medicine.
Many of the regulatory issues concerning biomarkers are related to genomics, proteomics, molecular diagnostics and pharmacogenomics/pharmacogenetics. Validation of biomarkers and their role in clinical trials is discussed.
Biomarker markets are estimated from 2009 to 2019 according to share of markets for various technologies and applications: proteomics, metabolomics, molecular diagnostics, drug discovery, clinical trials, and bioinformatics. Market values are further split according to therapeutic applications and major geographical areas. Unfulfilled needs in biomarkers are identified as well as the drivers for biomarker markets. Challenges facing the biomarker industry and strategies for developing biomarker markets are discussed.
A large number of companies with varying technical backgrounds are involved in biomarkers and 260 of these are profiled in part 2 of the report with classification into various categories. These also include major pharmaceutical companies. There is tabulation of 464 collaborations between companies and additional academic collaborations are mentioned in the individual profiles of companies. The report is supplemented by 800 references, 62 tables and 12 figures
TABLE OF CONTENTS
0. Executive Summary 17
1. Introduction to Virology 19
Introduction 19
Virus databases 19
A practical classification of viruses 19
Pathomechanism of viral diseases relevant to therapy 20
Intrinsic host defense against retroviruses 21
Life cycle of virus as basis for antiviral approaches 22
Genetic switch in virus infections 22
Viral-induced cancer 23
Prophylaxis versus therapy 24
Economic impact of viral diseases 24
Historical landmarks in the development of antiviral therapies 24
2. Antiviral Approaches 27
Classification 27
Antiviral drug discovery and development 27
Viral versus cellular targets for antiviral therapy 27
Antimicrobial peptides 29
Immunological approaches 29
Basics of immune regulation in relation to viruses 29
Effect of viruses on the immune system 30
Latent viral infections and the immune system 30
Immunomodulating agents 31
Amplification of innate immunity 31
Enhancers of immune system 31
Promoting immune-mediated clearance of a chronic viral infections 31
Immunoglobulins 32
Bovine lactoferrin 32
Quercetin 32
Monoclonal antibodies 33
Bavituximab 34
Treatment of viral infection with radiolabeled MAbs 34
Limitations of MAbs and measures to overcome these 35
Interferon-based approaches 35
Novel antiviral approaches 35
Synthetic modified hypericin compounds 35
Targeting Toll-like receptors 36
Potential and drawbacks of TLR-ligands in viral diseases 37
Inhibition of viral transport from cytoplasm into the cell nucleus 37
Nitric Oxide based antiviral therapeutics 37
Gene therapy for viral infections 38
Antisense approaches to viral infections 38
Antisense oligonucleotides 38
Limitations of antisense oligonucleotides as antivirals 39
NEUGENE antisense 39
RNAi 40
RNAi screens of viral genomes 40
RNAi for treatment of viral infections 40
Promise and pitfalls of RNAi gene therapy 42
Management of rapidly evolving pathogens 42
Personalized medicine and viral diseases 43
An integrated approach to viral diseases 43
Current problems and needs in antiviral therapy 43
3. Vaccines for Virus Infections 45
Introduction 45
Types of vaccines 46
Live attenuated virus vaccines 46
DNA vaccines 46
Nanotechnology-based vaccines 47
Recombinant viral vaccines 48
Synthetic peptides as vaccines 48
Virosomes 49
Vaccines based on reverse genetics 49
Virus-like particles 49
Routine vaccination in children against viral infections 50
Personalized vaccines 50
Limitations of vaccines 50
Neurological complications of vaccination 51
Expert opinion on antiviral vaccines 51
4. Role of Nanotechnology in Developing Antiviral Agents 53
Introduction 53
Study of interaction of nanoparticles with viruses 53
Nanoparticle antiviral agents 54
Fullerenes 54
Nanoviricides 54
Role of micelles in nanopharmaceuticals 55
Some physicochemical characteristics common to polymeric micelles 55
Structure and function of nanoviricides 56
Mechanism of action of NanoViricides 56
Advantages of NanoViricides 57
5. Delivery of Antivirals 59
Introduction 59
Methods of delivery of antiviral agents 59
Local application of antivirals 59
Systemic delivery of protein-polymer antiviral drugs 60
Controlled delivery of antivirals 60
Targeted delivery of antivirals 60
Delivery of antivirals to the brain across the blood-brain barrier 61
Antiviral vaccine delivery systems 61
Minicell vaccine delivery 61
Transnasal delivery of vaccines by Newcastle disease virus as vector 61
Transdermal delivery of vaccines 62
Transdermal vaccines for influenza 62
HIV/AIDS vaccination by topical application 62
CELLECTRA® electroporation device 63
Intramuscular electroporation for delivery of DNA vaccine 63
Use of nanotechnology for improving delivery of antivirals 63
Macrophage-based nanoformulated antiretroviral therapy 64
Improvement of antiviral vaccine delivery by nanotechnology 65
Bacterial spores for delivery of vaccines 65
Liposomal antiviral vaccine preparations 65
Nanoparticles for DNA vaccines 65
Chitosan-derived nanoparticles for vaccine delivery 66
Proteosomes™ as vaccine delivery vehicles 66
Polymeric micellae for delivery of DNA vaccine 66
"Smart" nanoparticles for delivery of vaccines 66
Nanospheres for controlled release of viral antigens 67
Nanocoating for local viricidal effect 67
Delivery of gene-based antiviral drugs 67
Limitations of delivery of gene, RNAi and antisense therapies 68
Systemic delivery of NanoViricides 68
Concluding remarks on delivery of antiviral agents 68
6. Competitive Assessment of Antiviral Approaches 69
Introduction 69
An ideal antiviral agent 69
SWOT analysis 69
Concluding remarks 72
7. Influenza Viruses 73
Introduction 73
Clincal features of influenza 73
Colds due to rhinovirus 73
Effects of influenza on the respiratory system 73
Effect of avian influenza on the nervous system 74
Epidemiology 74
Supermap of avian influenza 74
Influenza A 74
Avian influenza affecting humans 75
Human influenza versus avian influenza 75
H1N1 influenza 77
Immune system and influenza 78
Immune Epitope Database and Analysis Resources 78
Anti-influenza approaches 78
Pharmaceuticals 79
Neuraminidase inhibitors 79
Mechanism of action 79
Tamiflu 80
Zanamivir 80
CS-8958 80
Peramivir 80
Resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors 81
Adverse effects of neuraminidase inhibitors 82
Other drugs for influenza 82
Adamantanes 82
Probenecid 83
Current recommendations for the use of antiviral agents for influenza 83
Vaccines 83
Live attenuated influenza vaccine vs. inactivated vaccine 84
Vaccines for H1N1 influenza 84
Vaccines in development 85
Cell culture-derived influenza vaccines 85
DNA vaccines for avian influenza 86
Epitope-based vaccines for influenza 86
Gene-based vaccines for influenza 87
MAbs for passive immunization against avian influenza 87
M2e-based human influenza A vaccine. 87
MF-59 as adjuvant for influenza vaccine 88
Pre-pandemic split antigen H5N1 vaccine 88
Recombinant hemagglutinin influenza vaccine 89
Synthetic avian influenza vaccine 89
Virus-like particles as influenza vaccines 90
Current status of influenza vaccines and limitations 91
Current recommendations for influenza vaccination 91
Limitations of current influenza vaccines 91
Needs of influenza vaccines 92
Problems with demand and supply of influenza vaccines 93
Problems with access to virus samples 93
FluVac project for development of pandemic influenza vaccine 94
Influenza vaccines for multiple strains of the disease 94
Current status of vaccine preparedness against seasonal influenza 94
Current status of vaccine preparedness against H5N1 95
RNAi-based approaches 95
Inhibition of influenza virus by siRNAs 95
Limitations of RNAi approach to influenza 96
Challenges and future prospects of siRNAs for influenza 96
Antisense approaches 97
NEUGENE® antisense for inhibition of multiple strains of influenza A 97
Nanoviricides against influenza 97
Other innovative approaches 98
Abatacept 98
Polymeric coatings to inactivate influenza virus 98
Cytotoxic therapy 98
Cyanovirin 99
Fludase 99
Multiferon® 99
Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate 100
T-705 100
Value of antivirals in preventing spread of influenza after exposure 100
Resistance to influenza therapy and efforts to overcome it 100
NIAID Centers of Excellence for research on pandemic influenza viruses 101
Research on influenza viruses at Bayer 101
Concluding remarks and future prospects 102
8. AIDS/HIV 103
Introduction 103
Epidemiology 103
Current concepts of pathomechanisms 103
Decoding the structure of an entire HIV genome 104
Pathogenesis of AIDS 104
Host-pathogen interactions that regulate HIV-1 replication 105
Visualization of the interaction of HIV-1 proteins with target cells 105
Genentic basis of resistance against HIV 106
Complications of AIDS 106
AIDS and the nervous system 106
Opportunistic infections in AIDS 107
Coexistent HIV-1 and HSV-2 107
Coexistent hepatitis virus infections with HIV 108
HIV and HBV 108
HIV and HCV 108
AIDS wasting syndrome 109
Current therapies 109
Aim of anti-HIV drugs 111
Efavirenz 111
Tipranavir 112
Enfuvirtide 112
Darunavir 112
Impact of antiretroviral treatment on transmission of HIV 113
Postexposure prophylaxis against HIV 114
Limitations of current therapies 114
Adverse effects of antiretroviral therapy 114
Drug resistance in AIDS 115
Effect of interruption of HIV treatment 116
Reservoirs of HIV Infection 116
Persistance of low-level viremia in HIV-1 patients on retroviral therapy 116
Reconsideration of abandoned therapies for AIDS 116
Therapies in development 117
Drugs in development for HIV/AIDS 117
Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 118
Apricitabine 118
Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors 118
Etravirine 118
IDX899 118
Novel protease inhibitors 119
Overcoming HIV-1 resistance to PIs 119
PPL-100 120
Entry inhibitors targeting CCR5 receptor 120
Maraviroc 121
SP-01A 121
MAbs targeting CCR5 receptor 121
PRO 140 122
Ibalizumab 122
Integrase inhibitors 123
Raltegravir (Isentress) 123
Elvitegravir (GS 9137) 124
Design of fusion inhibitor peptides against enfuvirtide-resistant HIV-1 124
Maturation inhibitors 124
Blocking of pre-integration complex translocation 125
Immune enhancers 125
Pyrimidinediones 126
Novel combinations of drugs for prevention of AIDS 126
Truvada 126
Combination of raltegravir, enfuvirtide, and darunavir 126
Other innovative antiviral approaches against HIV/AIDS 127
Enhancing immune response by blockade of PD-1 receptor 127
IL-2 as adjunct to antiretroviral therapy 127
A filtration device for HIV-1 as an adjunct to the immune system 127
In vitro evaluation of antiviral drug activity 128
Methods for sustaining antiviral activity 128
Selective targeting of ITK to block multiple steps of HIV replication 128
Drugs from natural sources 129
Anti-HIV activity of drugs that stimulate cholesterol efflux 129
Blocking of HIV budding by DC-SIGN protein 129
ATR kinase as a target for anti-HIV drug discovery 130
Nanoviricides for HIV/AIDS 130
Prophylactic measures to prevent HIV infection 131
Microbicidal agents for local application in HIV/AIDS 131
Currently investigated microbicidals against HIV and their limitations 131
CCR5 receptor blockers 132
PSC-Rantes and recombinant chemokine analogs 133
HIV-1 entry inhibitor griffithsin as a topical microbicide 133
Next generation microbicides for HIV 133
Intracellular immunization in HIV 134
Engineered cellular proteins such as soluble CD4s 134
Intracellular antibodies 134
Selection of T-cell vaccine antigens 134
Glycoprotein 120 as target for neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies 135
Anti-rev single chain antibody fragment 135
Gene therapy strategies in HIV/AIDS 135
Inhibition of HIV-1 replication by lentiviral vectors 136
VRX496 (Lexgenleucel-T) 136
Insertion of protective genes into target cells. 136
Use of genes to chemosensitize HIV-1 infected cells 137
Autocrine interferon-? production by somatic cell gene therapy 137
HIV/AIDS vaccines 137
Cell-based vaccines for HIV 138
Gene transfer for HIV vaccination 138
Delivery of HIV vaccine by an adenoviral vector 139
Vaccination after discontinuation of antiretroviral treatment 139
Recombinant HIV proteins 140
DNA vaccines for HIV/AIDS 140
Epitope-based DNA vaccines against HIV 141
Limitations and needs of HIV vaccines 141
Innovations in HIV/AIDS vaccine 142
Attenuated rabies virus-based vaccine for HIV 142
Combination of a prime vaccine and booster vaccine 142
Dendritic cell-based vaccine for HIV 142
MVA nef vaccine 143
Peptide-based vaccine for HIV 143
Personalized vaccine for HIV 143
Transdermal nanoparticles for immune enhancement in HIV 144
Vaccine to prevent HIV entry at the mucosal level 144
Cell therapy for HIV/AIDS 144
hESCs converted to T-cells for treatment of HIV infection 145
Transplantation of genetically modified hematopoietic cells 145
Transplantation of genetically modified T cells 145
Overlapping Peptide-pulsed Autologous Cells 146
Antisense approaches to AIDS 146
Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides 146
Antisense efforts with PNA constructs 146
RNA decoys 147
Ribozymes 147
RNAi applications in HIV/AIDS 148
A multiple shRNA approach for silencing of HIV-1 148
Aptamer-mediated delivery of anti-HIV siRNAs 149
Bispecific siRNA constructs 149
Role of the nef gene during HIV-1 infection and RNAi 149
siRNA-directed inhibition of HIV-1 infection 150
Synergistic effect of snRNA and siRNA 151
Targeting CXCR4 with siRNAs 151
Targeting CCR5 with siRNAs 151
Concluding remarks on RNAi approach to HIV/AIDS 152
Companies involved in developing gene therapy for HIV/AIDS 152
Conclusions regarding gene therapy of HIV/AIDS 153
Testing for new anti-HIV therapies 153
Personalized approach to management of HIV 154
Differences in response of the body to HIV 154
Variations in action of drugs on HIV 154
Drug-resistance in HIV 154
Replication Capacity measurement 155
Role of biomarkers in management of HIV/AIDS 155
Prevention of adverse reactions to antiviral drugs 156
Nanoviricides as a personalized approach to HIV 156
Concluding remarks and future prospects 156
9. Hepatitis Viruses 159
Introduction 159
Hepatitis A virus infection 159
Hepatitis E virus infection 159
Epidemiology 159
Structure of the HEV 160
HEV vaccines 160
Epidemiology of HBV 160
Pathogenesis of HBV-induced liver disease 160
Current approaches to management of HBV 161
Entecavir 162
Adefovir dipivoxil 162
Telbivudine 162
Pegylated interferon-alpha 163
Limitations of current therapies and needs of HBV 163
Innovations in the management of HBV 163
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate 164
Hepatitis B immune globulins 164
Nabi-HB 164
HepaGam B 164
Hepatitis B vaccine composed in a novel nanoemulsion adjuvant 165
Innovative pharmaceuticals for HBV 165
Clevudine 165
HepDirect prodrugs 166
Monoclonal antibodies for HBV 166
RNAi-based therapy of HBV 166
Personalized treatment of hepatitis B 167
Future prospects of management of hepatitis B 167
Epidemiology of HCV 167
HCV characteristics 168
Pathomechanism of HCV infection 168
Mechanism of HCV entry 168
HCV and the immune system 169
Mechanism of HCV replication and response to interferon 169
Current approaches to management of HCV 169
Interferon therapy for HCV 169
Limitations of current HCV therapies 170
Novel approaches to HCV 170
HCV protease inhibitors 171
Narlaprevir (SCH 900518) 171
Telaprevir (VX-950) 171
Small molecule HCV protease inhibitors 172
Innovations in interferon therapy for HCV 172
Omega DUROS 172
GEA007.1 173
Directed evolution of gene-shuffled IFN-? for treatment of HCV 173
PEG-IFN-? 174
Personalizing interferon therapy of HCV 174
Innovative ribavirin-based treatments 174
Targeted delivery of hemoglobin-ribavirin conjugate for HCV 174
Taribavirin 174
Nucleoside polymerase inhibitor 175
Valopicitabine 175
Host cell targets for hepatitis C therapy 175
SP-10 176
NS5a inhibitors 176
Compounds targeting HCV receptor E2 176
Cyclophilin inhibitors 177
Alisporivir 177
Methylene blue 177
Naringenin 178
Nitazoxanide 178
Cyclosporine and analogues as anti-HCV agents 178
Clemizole and HCV 179
RNAi-based approaches to HCV 179
Use of adenoviral vectors for RNAi 180
siRNAs for HCV 180
Limitations and drawbacks of siRNA therapy for HCV 181
Role of miRNA in viral infections 181
miR-122 antagonists 181
Therapeutic vaccine for HCV 182
Clinical trials of HCV therapeutics 182
Limitations to the development of effective anti-HCV therapeutics 183
Causes of treatment failure in chronic hepatitis C 183
HCV drug resistance 183
Personalized management of HCV infection 183
Future needs in HCV therapy 184
Summary and concluding remarks 185
10. Miscellaneous Commercially Important Virus Infections 187
Introduction 187
Herpes viruses 187
Herpes simplex virus 187
Treatment of HSV-1 187
Acyclovir 187
Vaccine for HSV 188
Antisense therapy for HSV-1 188
Herpes simplex virus 2 and genital herpes 188
Famciclovir 189
Intravaginal microbicidal agents for HSV-2 189
Vaccine for HSV-2 189
Herpes simplex keratitis 190
Herpes simplex encephalitis 190
Limitations of current HSV therapies 191
Herpes zoster virus 191
Herpes zoster and chicken pox 191
Epidemiology of herpes zoster 191
Treatment of herpes zoster 191
Herpes zoster vaccine 192
Cytomegalovirus 192
Valganciclovir hydrochloride 192
T-cell therapy for CMV 193
Vaccine for CMV 193
Gene therapy of CMV 193
Antisense approach to CMV 194
siRNA treatment of CMV 194
Epstein-Barr virus 194
Human papilloma virus 195
Epidemiology 195
Vaccines for HPV 195
Gardasil 195
Cervarix 196
Vaccine based on fusion proteins of HPV envelope 196
DNA vaccine VGX-3100 197
Limitations of HPV vaccines 197
Antivirals for HPV 198
Imiquimod 198
Novel approaches against HPV 198
Intrabody strategies for the treatment of HPV 198
A novel peptide to inhibit HPV 198
Heat shock protein-based antivirals 199
Respiratory syncytial virus 199
Epidemiology 199
Current management of RSV 200
Palivizumab 200
Innovative anti-RSV products in development 200
RSV604 200
RNAi approach to RSV 200
Vaccines for RSV 201
BCG as a vaccine against RSV 201
Oral DNA vaccine for RSV 201
Other respiratory viruses 201
Parainfluenzavirus type 3 202
Human metapneumovirus 202
Gastrointestinal viruses 202
Noroviruses 203
Concluding remarks 203
11. Viruses with High Impact but Low Commercial Significance 205
Introduction 205
Chikungunya fever 205
Coxsackie virus 205
Japanese encephalitis 206
Vaccines for JE 206
Parvovirus 206
Rabies 207
Rabies vaccines 207
Recombinant viral vaccines for rabies 208
DNA vaccine against rabies 208
Rabies immune globulin 208
Monoclonal antibodies for rabies 208
NanoViricides approach for rabies 209
The Milwaukee protocol for rabies 209
Rotavirus 210
Epidemiology 210
Vaccine against rotavirus 210
Viral hemorrhagic fevers 211
Dengue 211
Antivirals in development 212
Dengue vaccines 213
Ebola virus 213
DNA vaccine for Ebola 214
Lassa fever 214
Marburg hemorrhagic fever 215
Yellow fever 215
Sequencing of Aedes aegypti genome and control of yellow fever 216
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever 216
West Nile virus 217
Epidemiology 217
Treatment of West Nile neuroinvasive disease 217
Vaccines against WNV 217
Innovative treatments for WNV 218
Western equine encephalitis 218
Sporadic virus epidemics 218
Coronavirus/severe acute respiratory syndrome 218
Therapeutic approaches to SARS 219
MAbs for SARS 219
siRNA treatment of SARS 220
Zoonotic viral infections 220
Vaccines for zoonotic viral diseases 220
Virus bioterrorism and biowarfare 221
Small pox as a biological weapon 221
Status of small pox vaccination 221
Strategies against virus bioterrorism and biowarfare 222
Increasing resistance by stimulating innate immune mechanisms 222
Nanoviricides for combating viral bioterrorism 223
Concluding remarks 223
12. Markets for Antivirals 225
Introduction 225
Markets according to disease 225
Influenza market 225
HIV/AIDS market 226
Hepatitis B and C markets 227
Markets according to products and approaches 227
Market values of monoclonal antibodies for viral diseases 227
Market values of vaccines for viral diseases 227
Markets for vaccines against HPV 228
Markets for other antiviral vaccines 228
Markets according to geographical areas 229
Geographical distribution of HIV/AIDS market 229
Unmet needs in antivirals 229
Policies regarding conquered viral diseases 230
Future of polio vaccine 230
Policies concerning HPV vaccine for prevention of cervical cancer 231
HPV vaccine in developing countries 231
Future prospects of innovative approaches 232
US Government support of antiviral efforts 233
US Government support for R & D in avian influenza vaccines 233
US Government support for developing anti-bioterrorism agents 233
The European Union support of antiviral research 234
European Commission's research support for anti-HIV/AIDS programs 234
European Commission's support anti-influenza programs 235
Collaboration of biotechnology companies with big pharma 236
Strategies for marketing 236
13. Companies 237
Introduction 237
Top companies 237
Profiles of pharmaceutical companies 238
Profiles of antiviral companies 254
Profiles of viral vaccine companies 365
Collaborations 429
14. References 434
Tables
Table 1 1: A practical classification of viruses 19
Table 1 2: Vaccines vs therapeutics for viral diseases 24
Table 1 3: Historical landmarks in the development of antiviral therapies 25
Table 2 1: Classification of antiviral strategies 27
Table 2 2: Viral vs cellular targets for discovery of antivirals 28
Table 2 3: Viruses amenable to antisense oligonucleotides 39
Table 2 4: Inhibition of viral replication by RNAi 42
Table 3 1: Types of vaccines for viral diseases 46
Table 4 1: Role of nanobiotechnology in virology 53
Table 5 1: Methods of delivery of antiviral agents 59
Table 5 2: Role of nanotechnology for improving delivery of antivirals 64
Table 5 3: Commercially available liposomal antiviral vaccines 65
Table 6 1: SWOT of monoclonal antibodies 69
Table 6 2: SWOT of agents that prevention viral entry into cells 70
Table 6 3: SWOT of drugs interfering with intracellular replication 70
Table 6 4: SWOT of protease inhibitors 70
Table 6 5: SWOT of integrase inhibitors 70
Table 6 6: SWOT of maturation inhibitors 70
Table 6 7: SWOT of neuraminidase inhibitors 71
Table 6 8: SWOT of targeting Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 71
Table 6 9: SWOT of topical antivirals agents against viral infections 71
Table 6 10: SWOT of gene therapy, antisense oligonucleotides, RNAi 71
Table 6 11: SWOT of vaccines 71
Table 6 12: SWOT of NanoViricides 72
Table 7 1: Anti-influenza approaches 79
Table 7 2: Antiviral drugs used for influenza 79
Table 8 1: Drugs in clinical development for HIV/AIDS 117
Table 8 2: Strategies for gene therapy of AIDS 135
Table 8 3: Classification of HIV/AIDS vaccines in clinical trials 137
Table 8 4: Companies involved in developing gene therapy for HIV/AIDS 152
Table 9 1: Innovations in the treatment of HBV 163
Table 9 2: Innovations for management of HCV 171
Table 9 3: Antiviral agents for HCV targeting host cells 175
Table 9 4: HCV drugs in clinical trials 182
Table 10 1: Methods of delivery of acyclovir 187
Table 11 1: Strategies against virus bioterrorism and biowarfare 222
Table 12 1: Worldwide market for all antiviral approaches 2009-2019 225
Table 12 2: Markets for antivirals according to virus infections 2009-2019 225
Table 12 3: Markets values of all drugs for HIV/AIDS 2009-2019 226
Table 12 4: Market values of monoclonal antibodies for viral diseases 2009-2019 227
Table 12 5: Market values of vaccines for viral diseases 2009-2019 228
Table 12 6: Markets for antivirals according to geographical areas 2009-2019 229
Table 12 7: Markets for vaccines according to geographical areas 2009-2019 229
Table 13 1: Top five antiviral companies 237
Table 13 2: Roche antiviral products in development 244
Table 13 3: Collaborations of antiviral companies 430
Figures
Figure 1 1: Varieties of host and cell responses to viral infections 21
Figure 1 2: Cycle of infection and replication of a retrovirus 22
Figure 1 3: Viral-induced cancer 23
Figure 2 1: An integrated approach to viral diseases 43
Figure 4 1: Schematic representation of NanoViricide attacking a virus particle 57
Figure 7 1: Evolution of mutations associated with virulence/drug resistance in H5N1 76
Figure 7 2: Mechanism of development of resistance to oseltamivir 82
Figure 8 1: Mode of action of some current anti-HIV drugs 110
Figure 9 1: Steps of HBV replication and site of action of various drugs 161
Figure 9 2: Omega DUROS device for interferon delivery in chronic hepatitis C 172
Figure 12 1: Unmet needs in antivirals 230
To order this report:
Biotechnology Industry: Biomarkers - technologies,markets and companies
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Nicolas Bombourg
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