Reportlinker Adds Carbon Management in Emerging Economies: New mechanisms for managing carbon dioxide emissions

NEW YORK, April 6 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:

Carbon Management in Emerging Economies:New mechanisms for managing carbon dioxide emissions

http://www.reportlinker.com/p0186702/Carbon-Management-in-Emerging-EconomiesNew-mechanisms-for-managing-carbon-dioxide-emissions.html

Carbon management is now a major focus of environmental initiatives. Although carbon dioxide is not the only greenhouse gas, it is the most common and therefore at the centre of attempts to reduce the rate of growth of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases and eventually to cause these emissions to fall.

Carbon management is a controversial area, involving politicians, public servants, social and physical scientists, activists, businesses and many others. The controversies include:

- Whether carbon dioxide is a cause or a consequence of global warming or both

- Whether global warming is a fact – depending on the time period analysed

- Whether particular initiatives or mechanisms for carbon reduction (such as carbon trading) work (whether scientifically, technologically or in terms of incentives)

- Whether they have desirable or undesirable other consequences,

This report abstracts from these and other controversies. It focuses on the extent to which emerging economies are involved in innovative and/or leading edge practices in carbon management. So it focuses on questions such as whether a particular initiative works to reduce carbon emissions, whether it has known or suspected adverse consequences in other areas, whether environmental, economic or other; whether the approach to funding it creates problems; whether the initiative may lead to diversion of energy from other initiatives; and whether the initiatives taken together are in some sense enough for the emerging economy in question.

Key features of this report

• A review of the principles of carbon management
• An examination of carbon trading and the working of carbon markets
• Comprehensive and up-to-date data on CO2 emissions for emerging nations, broken out by fuel type
• Insights on the principal initiatives taken by nation to reduce CO2 emissions
• Examination of the key technology introductions and innovations.
• Implications for the future

Scope of this report

• Achieve a quick and comprehensive understanding of the various options and models available for reducing carbon emissions
• Definitive source work, including the most up to date data on carbon emissions by emerging nation
• An overview of trends and initiatives in reduction of carbon emissions, both worldwide and by emerging nation
• Comparison of initiatives by nation: which countries are making the greatest progress in dealing with carbon emissions; which are struggling

Key Market Issues

• Core Issue: Different paths to managing CO2 emissions require different degrees of participation by industry, consumers and governments. The future of carbon management is still uncertain, due to lack of international consensus on how best to manage efficiency and equity issues, and the lack of consensus about the continuation of global warming.
• Alternative approaches: Various initiatives are used to greater or lesser extent, including:

- Improved carbon management

- The Clean Development Mechanism: an important stimulus for carbon reduction initiatives, but high cost and bureaucratic

- Carbon trading: the cap and trade approach depends for its success on realistic caps

- Taxation, subsidies and regulation

- Innovation

• Approaches vary by location: Most African countries have low carbon emissions. A few – Libya, Algeria, Nigeria and Ghana – have significant oil reserves, and so tend to focus their carbon management on reduction of flaring and other oil and gas-related projects. Access to energy is Africa's main problem.

Key findings from this report

- The carbon management situation in emerging economies has produced a mixed picture, with two giants – China and India – focused on carbon management, making significant improvements in some area, but with some substantial gaps.

- The carbon market looks like it will continue to grow very rapidly, once the recession is over, leading to greatly increased demand for auditing capability – and a risk that there will be a worldwide shortage the of the skills needed to audit carbon savings.

- The bureaucracy of carbon management is still posing significant problems, even though some progress is being made with reducing validation times for carbon investments.

- In the CDM, there is tension between the "cleanness", which leads to carbon saving, credits and money for the emerging economies, and "development", the much wider objective that all emerging economies have adopted.

Key questions answered

- What are the key issues affecting different approaches to carbon reduction?

- How are various emerging economies adapting to the demands of carbon reduction?

- What are the key trends in carbon emissions by emerging economy?

- What are the main obstacles to a co-coordinated worldwide approach to carbon reduction?

- How has the perceived failure of Copenhagen impacted on international policy in this area?

Table of Contents

Carbon Management in Emerging Economies

Executive Summary 12

What Carbon Management is and how it works 12

Africa 13

Asia 14

Latin America 15

Kazakhstan, Russia and the Ukraine 16

Conclusions and implications 17

Chapter 1 What carbon management is and how it works 20

Summary 20

Introduction 21

Definition of carbon management 22

Emerging countries and their current and future contribution to carbon emissions 22

Countries covered in this report 24

Side benefits 25

The principles of carbon management 26

The capacity issue 26

The Clean Development Mechanism 26

Industry targets 29

National targets 29

Carbon trading and carbon markets 30

The cap and trade approach 33

Voluntary and mandatory trading 34

The experience of trading 36

Taxation, subsidies, regulation and other methods 39

Capacity building 40

Industry approaches 41

Industry innovation 41

Energy supply 43

Transport 44

Buildings 44

Manufacturing Industry 45

Agriculture 45

Forests 46

Waste management 47

Local government 47

Conclusions and the future 49

Chapter 2 Africa 52

Summary 52

Introduction 53

Reasons for low African participation in CDM 55

Oil 56

The forest opportunity 56

Sub-Saharan Africa's main problem – access to energy 56

Renewable energy resources 56

Emission reduction through improved stoves 57

Algeria 58

Emission levels 58

Commitments 60

Natural gas 60

Solar power 60

Egypt 61

Emission levels 61

Commitments 62

Renewable energy 62

Sequestering 63

Landfill 63

Ghana 63

Emission levels 63

Commitments 65

Renewable energy 65

Biodiesel 65

Kenya 66

Emission levels 66

Commitments 67

Cement 67

Forestry 68

Farming 68

Renewable energy 69

Nigeria 70

Emission levels 70

Commitments 71

Natural gas 71

South Africa 72

Emission levels 72

Commitments 74

Capacity building 74

Coal – the main source of emissions 75

Local government initiatives 75

Renewable energy 75

Landfill 76

Personal carbon trading 76

Tanzania 77

Emission levels 77

Commitments 78

Forestry 78

Africa: conclusions and the future 80

Chapter 3 Asia 82

Summary 82

Introduction 83

China 83

Emission levels 83

Commitments 85

Construction industry 85

Power generation 86

Renewable energy 86

Trading 88

Gulf States (Arab only) 88

Emission levels 88

Commitments 91

Oil and gas 91

Partnerships 92

Carbon capture and storage 92

Sustainable energy 93

Research and development 94

India 94

Emission levels 94

Commitments 96

Power generation 96

Renewable energy 98

Power access and theft 98

Carbon market 99

CDM projects 99

Forestry 100

Biomass 101

Iron and steel 101

Energy efficiency in industry 102

Rail transport 103

Tata Group 103

Indonesia 104

Emission levels 104

Commitments 105

Forestry 106

Public disclosure programme 106

Iran 106

Emission levels 106

Commitments 108

Carbon storage 108

Clean development 108

Malaysia 109

Emission levels 109

Commitments 110

Research 110

Pakistan 111

Emission levels 111

Commitments 112

Forestry 113

Fertilizers 113

Turkey 113

Emission levels 113

Commitments 115

Wind power 115

Buildings 115

Asia: conclusions and the future 116

Chapter 4 Latin America 118

Summary 118

Introduction 119

Argentina 119

Emission levels 119

Commitments 120

Power usage 120

Buildings 121

Landfill 121

Other activities 121

Brazil 122

Emission levels 122

Commitments 123

Forestry 124

Energy use 124

CDM 125

Cattle ranching 125

Chile 126

Emissions levels 126

Commitments 127

Coal-fired power 128

Renewable energy 128

Columbia 129

Emission levels 129

Commitments 130

Wind power 130

Mexico 131

Emission levels 131

Commitments 132

Power use 132

Wind power 134

Oil and gas 134

Transport 135

Agriculture and forestry 136

Other emission reduction opportunities 138

Venezuela 139

Emission levels 139

Commitments 140

Forestry 140

Renewable energy 141

Energy efficiency 142

Coal 142

Transport 142

Mobile phones 142

Latin America: conclusions and the future 143

Chapter 5 Kazakhstan, Russia and the Ukraine 146

Summary 146

Introduction 147

Kazakhstan 147

Emission levels 147

Commitments 149

Resources 149

Future participation in carbon markets 149

Russian Federation 150

Emission levels 150

Commitments 151

Carbon trading 151

Oil and gas 152

Forestry 154

Ukraine 155

Emission levels 155

Commitments 157

Energy use 157

Buildings 157

Manufacturing industry 159

Steel industry 160

Agriculture 161

Nuclear energy 161

Landfill 161

Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine: conclusions and the future 162

Chapter 6 Conclusions, implications and the future 164

Summary 164

Introduction 164

Organization and management 165

The future 167

Appendix 169

Glossary 169

Index 172

List of Figures

Figure 1.1: Annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from land-use change (Tg C), 2005 24

Figure 2.2: Africa, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 55

Figure 2.3: Algeria, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 59

Figure 2.4: Egypt, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 62

Figure 3.5: India, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 95

Figure 3.6: Indonesia, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 105

Figure 3.7: Iran, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 107

Figure 3.8: Malaysia, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 110

Figure 3.9: Turkey, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 114

Figure 4.10: Argentina, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 120

Figure 4.11: Chile, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 127

Figure 4.12: Colombia, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 130

Figure 4.13: Mexico, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 132

Figure 4.14: Venezuela, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 140

Figure 5.15: Kazakhstan, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 148

Figure 5.16: Russia, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 151

Figure 5.17: Ukraine, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 156

List of Tables

Table 1.1: Annual net flux of carbon to the atmosphere from land-use change (Tg C), 2005 23

Table 2.2: Africa, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 54

Table 2.3: Algeria, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 59

Table 2.4: Egypt, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 61

Table 3.5: India, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 95

Table 3.6: Indonesia, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 104

Table 3.7: Iran, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 107

Table 3.8: Malaysia, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 109

Table 3.9: Turkey, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 114

Table 4.10: Argentina, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 119

Table 4.11: Chile, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 126

Table 4.12: Colombia, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 129

Table 4.13: Mexico, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 131

Table 4.14: Venezuela, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 139

Table 5.15: Kazakhstan, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 148

Table 5.16: Russia, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 150

Table 5.17: Ukraine, CO2 emissions levels (thousand metric tons of carbon), 2010 155

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