Reportlinker Adds Carbon Nanotubes: Technologies and Global Markets
NEW YORK, Feb. 4 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:
Carbon Nanotubes: Technologies and Global Markets
http://www.reportlinker.com/p0175859/Carbon-Nanotubes-Technologies-and-Global-Markets.html
THIS REPORT:
Provides an overview of the global market for carbon nanotubes (CNTs)
Offers current global market data about CNTs and detailed forecasts through 2014
Discusses the market in terms of commercial sectors and applications for CNTs including composites, electronics, energy and other categories
Gives an historical context for the industry and discusses the latest technological breakthroughs
Highlights unique properties of CNTs, and the different features and challenges of each
Profiles important companies.
Chapter- 1: INTRODUCTION -- Complimentary
MOTIVATION 1
OBJECTIVES AND PURPOSE OF THIS REPORT 1
SCOPE OF REPORT 2
CONTRIBUTION OF THE STUDY AND TARGET AUDIENCE 2
METHODOLOGY AND SOURCES OF INFORMATION 3
AUTHOR'S CREDENTIALS 3
RELATED BCC REPORTS AND PUBLICATIONS 3
REPORTS 3
MONTHLY NEWSLETTER 4
BCC ONLINE SERVICES 4
DISCLAIMER 4
Chapter-2: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL MARKET FOR CNT GRADES BASED ON COMMITED PRODUCTION, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 6
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL MARKET FOR CNT GRADES BASED ON COMMITTED PRODUCTION, 2009-2014 ($ MILLIONS) 6
Chapter-3: TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW
WHAT ARE CNTS? 7
FIGURE 1 FORMATION OF A SWNT STRUCTURE 7
FIGURE 2 CNT STRUCTURES 8
A BRIEF HISTORY OF NANOTUBES 8
TABLE 1 CHRONOLOGY OF SOME CNT LANDMARK DEVELOPMENTS, 1953-2009 9
TABLE 1 (CONTINUED) 10
COMPARISON OF CARBON COMPOUNDS 10
TABLE 2 SOME COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF CARBON ALLOTROPES 10
DIAMOND 11
Diamondoids 11
Nanocrystalline Diamond and CNT Hybrid Films 12
GRAPHITE 13
FULLERENES 14
Spherical Form: Buckminsterfullerene 14
Cylindrical Form: CNTs 15
Hybrid Form: Carbon NanoBuds 15
Linear Form: Carbynes 16
CARBON NANOFIBERS 16
CARBON NANOSPHERES 17
CARBIDE-DERIVED MESOPOROUS CARBON 17
PROPERTIES OF CNTS 18
TABLE 3 SOME CHARACTERISTIC PROPERTIES OF CNTS 19
TABLE 4 COMPARATIVE PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT CNTS AND CFS 20
APPLICATIONS OF CNTS 20
TABLE 5 DIVERSE RANGE OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS FOR CNTS 20
TABLE 6 SOME EXAMPLES OF OPTIMUM FORMS OF CNTS REQUIRED FOR DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS 21
OTHER TYPES OF NANOTUBE COMPOUNDS 21
SYNTHETIC INORGANIC NANOTUBES 21
Synthetic Inorganic … (Continued) 22
TABLE 7 PROPERTIES AND APPLICATIONS OF SOME INORGANIC NANOTUBES 23
NATURAL INORGANIC NANOTUBES 24
ORGANIC NANOTUBES 25
NANOTUBE PRODUCTION 25
TABLE 8 COMPARISON OF THE MOST COMMON TYPES OF CNT BATCH PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES 26
ARC DISCHARGE 26
LASER ABLATION 27
CVD 27
SYNTHETIC PROCESSES FACTORS AFFECTING GROWTH 28
TABLE 9 SYNTHETIC PROCESS FACTORS AFFECTING CNT GROWTH 28
CONTINUOUS SCALABLE PRODUCTION 28
TABLE 10 COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF CNT PROCESSES 29
TABLE 11 COMPARISON OF SEVERAL SWNT CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES 30
CVD 30
Flame Combustion 31
Plasma Torch 32
Plasma Torch (Continued) 33
Plasma Torch (Continued) 34
Other Developments 35
Catalyst-Free SWNTs 35
Chiral-Specific Growth Catalysts 36
Nonmetallic Catalysts 37
Natural Lava Catalysts 37
Pulsed Laser Vaporization (PLV) 37
Purer and Controlled Diameter SWNTs 38
Varying Carbon Feedstock 38
PURIFICATION AND PRODUCT QUALITY CONTROL 39
TABLE 12 COMMON CNT CHEMICAL PURIFICATION PROCESSES, OUTCOMES AND DISADVANTAGES 40
TABLE 13 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT IN SEPARATION, PURIFICATION, CAPPING AND UNCAPPING OF CNTS BASED ON U.S. PATENTS 41
CNT APPLICATIONS INTEGRATION 42
TABLE 14 LEADING U.S. RESEARCH ORGANIZATIONS SPEARHEADING CNT SYNTHESIS AND APPLICATIONS DEVELOPMENT 42
SURFACE CHEMICAL FUNCTIONALIZATION 43
TABLE 15 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CHEMICAL FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CNTS AND POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS 43
TABLE 16 EXEMPLARY U.S. PATENTS RELATING TO CNT CHEMICAL FUNCTIONALIZATION 44
TABLE 17 ORGANIZATIONS OFFERING SURFACE FUNCTIONALIZED CNT DISPERSIONS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 45
SEPARATING ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES 45
TABLE 18 NOTABLE DEVELOPMENTS IN SORTING ELECTRONIC GRADE CNTS 46
CNT GROWTH AND DEVICE FABRICATION 47
TABLE 19 EXEMPLARY U.S. PATENTS RELATING TO SELF-ASSEMBLY AND ORGANIZATION OF CNTS 48
TABLE 20 SCALABLE DEVICE INTEGRATION OF CNTS 49
OTHER FORM FACTORS 50
TABLE 21 EXEMPLARY U.S. PATENTS RELATING TO THE USE OF CNTS AS NANOTEMPLATES 50
DWNTS AND BUCKYPAPER 50
FWNTS 51
SWNT-BASED PEAPODS OR NANO TEST TUBES 52
MWNT-BASED MICROCAPSULES 52
OTHER FORMS OF CNTS 53
TABLE 22 RECENT RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS IN OTHER CNT VARIANTS 53
DRY SPINNING OF CNT FIBERS AND SHEET FORMING YARNS 53
Dry Spinning of CNT … (Continued) 54
WET SPINNING OF SWNTS 55
CONTINUOUSLY GROWN SWNT FIBERS 56
CONTINUOUSLY GROWN SWNT NONWOVEN TRANSPARENT FILMS 57
CNT REINFORCED POLYMER FIBERS 57
CNT Reinforced Polymer Fibers (Continued) 58
Chapter-4: PATENT ANALYSIS
RATIONALE AND METHODOLOGY 59
U.S. PATENTS ISSUED 60
CHRONOLOGICAL GROWTH TRENDS IN PATENT ACTIVITY 60
FIGURE 3 CNT PATENTS ISSUED, 1994-2009 (CUMULATIVE TOTAL: 4,434) 60
FIGURE 3 (CONTINUED) 61
PATENT ACTIVITY CLASSIFIED BY INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION SECTOR 61
FIGURE 4 BREAKDOWN OF THE MAIN INDUSTRY/APPLICATION SECTORS DERIVED FROM U.S. CNT ISSUED PATENTS, 1994–2004 (%) 62
TABLE 23 INDUSTRIAL SECTORS AND EXEMPLARY APPLICATIONS EMERGING FROM ISSUED U.S. CNT PATENTS, 1994–2009 63
FIGURE 5 BREAKDOWN OF THE MAIN INDUSTRY/APPLICATION SECTORS FROM U.S. CNT ISSUED PATENTS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (%) 64
FIGURE 6 NUMBER OF U.S. AND FOREIGN CNT PATENTS ISSUED, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO INDUSTRIAL/APPLICATIONS SECTORS, 1994-2002 (NUMBER) 65
FIGURE 7 NUMBER OF U.S. AND FOREIGN CNT PATENTS ISSUED, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO INDUSTRY/APPLICATION SECTOR, 2003 AND 2004 (NUMBER) 66
FIGURE 7 (CONTINUED) 67
FIGURE 8 NUMBER OF U.S. AND FOREIGN CNT PATENTS ISSUED, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO INDUSTRIAL/APPLICATION SECTOR, 2007 TO JUN 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 68
Comparison of U.S. Patent Activity with Asian, European, and Other Countries 68
FIGURE 9 U.S. VERSUS ASIAN CNT PATENTS ISSUED, 1994–2004 (NUMBER) 69
FIGURE 10 EUROPEAN AND OTHER COUNTRIES WITH U.S. CNT ISSUED PATENTS, 1994–2004 (NUMBER) 70
FIGURE 11 U.S. CNT PATENTS ISSUED: ASIA, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 71
FIGURE 12 U.S. CNT PATENTS ISSUED: EUROPEAN AND OTHER COUNTRIES, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 72
Domestic Patent Activity 72
FIGURE 13 LEADING U.S. STATES WITH U.S. CNT ISSUED PATENTS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 73
Small Businesses 74
TABLE 24 LEADING SMALL U.S. BUSINESSES WITH CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 74
TABLE 24 (CONTINUED) 75
TABLE 25 OTHER SMALL U.S. BUSINESSES WITH MULTIPLE CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 75
TABLE 25 (CONTINUED) 76
Large Businesses 76
TABLE 26 LEADING LARGE U.S. BUSINESSES WITH CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 77
TABLE 27 OTHER LARGE U.S. BUSINESSES WITH MULTIPLE CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 77
TABLE 27 (CONTINUED) 78
Academic Institutions 78
TABLE 28 CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS AMONG LEADING U.S. ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 79
Government and Other Not-for-Profit Institutions 80
TABLE 29 U.S. GOVERNMENT AND OTHER INSTITUTIONS WITH CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 80
U.S. Patent Activity According to Foreign Ownership 80
Leading Japanese Companies 80
TABLE 30 CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS FOR LEADING JAPANESE ORGANIZATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 81
Leading Korean and Taiwanese Organizations 81
TABLE 31 U.S. CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENT APPLICATIONS FOR LEADING KOREAN AND TAIWANESE ORGANIZATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 82
Leading Organizations in European and Other Countries 82
TABLE 32 CNT ISSUED AND PENDING PATENTS FOR LEADING ORGANIZATIONS IN EUROPE AND OTHER COUNTRIES, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 82
TABLE 32 (CONTINUED) 83
U.S. PATENTS PENDING 83
FIGURE 14 GROWTH AND BACKLOG IN U.S. PATENTS FILED 2001-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 84
CHALLENGES IN PATENTING NANOTECHNOLOGY 84
PATENT BACKLOG 84
WHO OWNS WHAT? 85
QUALITY VERSUS QUANTITY 86
A NEW BREED OF PATENT BROKERAGE COMPANIES 86
PATENT TROLL 86
Chapter-5: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ANALYSIS
OVERVIEW 87
INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 87
NANOTUBE PRODUCERS 88
TABLE 32 INFLUENTIAL PLAYERS INVOLVED IN LARGE-SCALE CNT PRODUCTION AND MARKET EXPLOITATION 88
TABLE 32 (CONTINUED) 89
TABLE 33 INFLUENTIAL PLAYERS INVOLVED IN SMALL-SCALE CNT PRODUCTION AND/OR SPECIALIZED MARKET EXPLOITATION 89
TABLE 33 (CONTINUED) 90
MARKET SEGMENTATION 90
TABLE 34 MARKET SEGMENTATION OF CNT INDUSTRY 91
COMPANY PROFILES: CNT PRODUCERS 91
Arkema 91
Arkema (Continued) 92
Bayer MaterialScience AG 93
TABLE 35 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN COMMERCIALIZING BAYER MATERIALSCIENCE MWNTS 94
Canatu, Ltd. 95
Catalytic Materials, LLC/Catalyx Nanotech 96
CNano Technology, Ltd. 97
CNano Technology, Ltd. (Continued) 98
Fullerene International Corp. 99
Hanwha Nanotech Corp. 99
Hodogaya Chemical Co. Ltd./Mitsui & Co. 100
Hyperion Catalysis Int'l Inc. 101
Hyperion Catalysis Int'l Inc. (Continued) 102
MER Corp. 103
Nanocyl S.A. 104
NanoIntegris, Inc. 105
Nanoledge, Inc. 105
Nanoledge, Inc. (Continued) 106
Nanotailor, Inc. 107
Nanothinx S.A. 108
Raymor Industries, Inc. 109
Selah Technologies, LLC 110
Shenzhen Nanotech Port Co., Ltd. 111
Showa Denko KK 111
SWeNT 112
SWeNT (Continued) 113
Thomas Swan & Co., Ltd. 114
Unidym, Inc. 115
Unidym, Inc. (Continued) 116
Unidym, Inc. (Continued) 117
Xintek, Inc. 118
COMPANY PROFILES: CNT SPECIALTY AND ANCILLARY PRODUCTS 119
Applied Nanotech Holdings, Inc. 119
Brewer Science, Inc. 120
Carbon Solutions, Inc. 121
Eikos, Inc. 121
First Nano, Inc. 122
Nanomix, Inc. 123
NanoComposites, Inc. 124
Nanocomp Technologies, Inc. 125
Q-Flo, Ltd. 126
Zyvex Corp./Zyvex Performance Materials 127
Zyvex Corp…(Continued) 128
TABLE 36 ZYVEX PERFORMANCE MATERIALS COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENTS IN CNT POLYMER COMPOSITES, 2007–2009 129
COMPANY PROFILES: LARGE U.S. CORPORATIONS 129
TABLE 37 LARGE U.S. CORPORATIONS LEADING IN U.S. CNT PATENT ACTIVITY* (NUMBER) 130
DuPont Co. 131
General Electric Co. 131
Hewlett Packard Co. 132
Honeywell Int'l Inc. 132
Intel Corp. 132
IBM 133
Motorola, Inc. 133
Motorola, Inc. (Continued) 134
Xerox Corp. 135
COMPANY PROFILES: LARGE FOREIGN CORPORATIONS 135
CHALLENGES AND ISSUES FACING THE CNT INDUSTRY 135
Industry Driving Forces 135
TABLE 38 EXEMPLARY COMPANIES LEADING THE CNT INDUSTRY EVOLUTION 136
Nanotube Consumers and the Evolving Grade Structure 136
TABLE 39 DIVERSITY IN CNT CONSUMER MARKET PRODUCTS 136
Cost/Performance Balance 137
Competition 137
TABLE 40 COMPETITIVE MATERIAL ALTERNATIVES TO CNTS FOR CERTAIN APPLICATIONS 138
Toxicity 138
TABLE 41 PROGRESS IN IDENTIFYING AND RESOLVING CNT TOXICOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR, 2005-2007 139
TABLE 41 (CONTINUED) 140
TABLE 42 PROGRESS IN IDENTIFYING AND RESOLVING CNT TOXICOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR, 2008-SEPTEMBER 2009 141
Environmental Safety 141
Environmental Safety (Continued) 142
NANOTECHNOLOGY RISKS AND REGULATORY CONTROL 143
Asian Initiatives 143
Canadian Government 144
European Commission 144
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 145
U.S. Led Nanotechnology Regulatory Control Initiatives 146
CBEN at Rice University 147
City of Berkeley, CA, Nanomaterials Ordinance 147
EPA 148
Nanoethics and Social Advocacy Groups 148
Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 149
Woodrow … (Continued) 150
Chapter-6: MARKETS BY APPLICATION
COMPOSITES 151
TABLE 43 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CNTS COMPARED WITH OTHER FIBERS 152
TABLE 44 CNT COMPOSITES: RANGE OF POSSIBLE APPLICATIONS 152
TABLE 45 CNT COMPOSITES: PROPERTIES ENDOWED 153
TABLE 46 MECHANICAL PROPERTY ENHANCEMENTS IN VARIOUS CNT COMPOSITES 153
TABLE 46 (CONTINUED) 154
CEMENT MATRIX 154
CERAMIC MATRIX 155
TABLE 47 ENHANCEMENTS CLAIMED IN VARIOUS CNT CERAMIC SYSTEMS 156
TABLE 47 (CONTINUED) 157
Ceramic Matrix (Continued) 158
Ceramic Matrix (Continued) 159
DIAMOND COMPOSITES 160
GLASS MATRIX 160
METAL MATRIX 161
TABLE 48 SOME EXAMPLES OF CNT-METAL COMPOSITES 162
POLYMER MATRIX 163
TABLE 49 EXAMPLES OF CNT-POLYMER COMPOSITE MATRIX SYSTEMS AMENABLE TO COMMERCIAL PROCESSING AND APPLICATION 164
TABLE 50 SOME EXAMPLES OF CNT-POLYMER COMPOSITES 165
TABLE 51 VARIOUS PROCESSING STRATEGIES USED TO MANUFACTURE POLYMER-CNT COMPOSITES 166
Electrical Conductivity Properties of Polymer-CNT Composites 166
Mechanical Properties of Polymer-CNT Composites 167
TABLE 52 ULTIMATE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CNT FIBERS AND EXAMPLES OF THEIR ENHANCEMENT IN VARIOUS POLYMER COMPOSITE SYSTEMS 167
TABLE 53 KEY PROPERTIES CONTROLLING ULTIMATE REINFORCING AND CONDUCTIVITY POTENTIAL OF SWNTS IN A POLYMER MATRIX 168
Thermal Conductivity Properties of Polymer-CNT Composites 168
Commercial Product Applications of Polymer-CNT Composites 169
TABLE 54 POLYMER COMPOSITE CNT PRODUCTS CURRENTLY MANUFACTURED OR UNDER COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT 169
TABLE 54 (CONTINUED) 170
TABLE 55 LEADING COMPANIES INVOLVED IN THE COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF CNT-POLYMER COMPOSITES 170
TABLE 55 (CONTINUED) 171
TABLE 56 MOST ACTIVE COMPANIES ACCORDING TO CNT-POLYMER COMPOSITE U.S. PATENTS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 172
TABLE 57 OTHER ACTIVE ORGANIZATIONS ACCORDING TO U.S. CNT-POLYMER COMPOSITE PATENTS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 173
Automotive Applications 173
TABLE 58 EXAMPLES OF READY-TO-MOLD HYPERION AUTOMOTIVE MWNT-RESIN COMPOUNDS 173
TABLE 58 (CONTINUED) 174
TABLE 59 COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE FOR HYPERION CONDUCTIVE AUTOMOTIVE MWNT-RESIN COMPOUNDS 174
TABLE 60 ADVANTAGES OF MWNTS COMPARED WITH CONVENTIONAL CONDUCTIVE FILLERS USED IN MOLDED AUTOMOTIVE PLASTICS 175
TABLE 61 CLASSIFICATION OF CONDUCTIVE MOLDED PLASTICS ACCORDING TO FILLER LOADING AND ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES 176
TABLE 62 VARIOUS APPLICATIONS OF MWNTS IN ELECTROSTATICALLY DISSIPATIVE PLASTIC AUTO COMPONENTS 176
Automotive … (Continued) 177
Automotive … (Continued) 178
Automotive … (Continued) 179
TABLE 63 ADVANCES IN IMPROVING THE STRENGTH AND CONDUCTIVITY OF POLYMER-CNT COMPOSITES, 2007–2009 180
Aeronautical Applications 180
Aeronautical … (Continued) 181
Aeronautical … (Continued) 182
TABLE 64 RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AEROSPACE CF COMPOSITES INDUSTRY 183
Electronic Applications 184
TABLE 65 VARIOUS ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS OF MWNTS IN MOLDED PLASTIC ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 184
Flame Retardant Applications 185
Space Applications 186
TABLE 66 FUTURE SPACE APPLICATIONS FOR CNTS 187
Sporting Goods Applications 187
TABLE 67 SPORTING GOODS PROTOTYPES BASED ON MWNT-PLASTIC COMPOSITES 188
Other Applications and Important Property Considerations 188
Biocatalytic Films 188
Biomedical Composites 189
Conventional Adhesives 190
Dry Adhesives 191
TABLE 68 RECENT PATENT ACTIVITY IN CNT DRY ADHESIVE SYSTEMS* 191
Polymer Composite Coatings and Inks 192
TABLE 69 ORGANIZATIONS EXPLORING CNT-BASED INKS AND SMART COATINGS 192
TABLE 70 COMPARATIVE PROPERTY PERFORMANCE OF CONDUCTIVE TRANSPARENT COMPOSITE COATINGS 193
Polymer (Continued) 194
Polymer (Continued) 195
Polymer (Continued) 196
Polymer (Continued) 197
Sensor Networks for Ongoing Composite Structural Diagnostics and Repair 198
Surface Chemical Functionalization and Form Factor 199
ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS 199
TABLE 71 U.S. ORGANIZATIONS LEADING THE ELECTRONICS SECTOR WITH CNT PATENTS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 200
TABLE 72 LEADING ASIAN AND EUROPEAN ORGANIZATIONS HOLDING ELECTRONICS CNT PATENTS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 201
ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 202
Emergence of Nanoelectronics 202
Emergence of … (Continued) 203
TABLE 73 KEY CNT PROPERTIES ATTRACTING FUTURE ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS 204
CNT Electronic Components Development 205
Synthesis and Characterization of Electronic-Grade SWNTs 206
Synthesis … (Continued) 207
Synthesis … (Continued) 208
Synthesis … (Continued) 209
Electronic Device Integration and Self-Assembly 210
Electronic … (Continued) 211
Competition—Silicon Nanowires 212
Connectivity and Large-Scale Integration 213
Connectivity … (Continued) 214
Connectivity … (Continued) 215
Thermal Management (Solid-Based) 216
TABLE 74 ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN CNT ELECTRONIC THERMAL MANAGEMENT APPLICATIONS 217
California Institute of Technology 217
CAT Science/University of Copenhagen (Denmark) 218
Fujitsu, Ltd. (Japan) 218
IBM (Yorktown Heights, NY) 218
Koila, Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA) 218
LG Electronics (Korea) 219
Molecular Nanosystems, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA) 219
Nanoconduction, Inc. (Sunnyvale, CA)/NASA Ames Research Center 219
National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Golden, CO) 220
Nextreme Thermal Solutions (Research Triangle Park, NC) 220
OCZ Technology (Sunnyvale, CA) 220
Purdue University 220
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 221
University of California, Berkeley 221
University of Colorado 221
Thermal Management (Liquid-Based) 221
Cooligy, Inc. (Mountain View, CA) 222
Seoul National University, Korea 222
University of Leeds/Institute of Particle Science and Engineering, U.K. 222
Beyond the CMOSFET Paradigm 223
Current Industry FET Development 223
TABLE 75 LEADING COMPANIES WITH CNTFET PATENT INTEREST 224
GE Global Research Center 224
IBM Optoelectronic Applications 225
Infineon Technologies, Germany 226
Development of Other CNT Nanoelectronic Components 226
FE DISPLAYS AND RELATED DEVICES 227
What is FE? 227
Why CNTs are Attractive Material Candidates? 227
TABLE 76 ADVANTAGES OF CNTS AS A COLD FE CATHODE 228
FE Applications 228
FE Displays 229
Fabrication 229
How CNT-FEDs Compare with Other Display Technologies 230
TABLE 77 ADVANTAGES OF FE DISPLAYS OVER LCDS 231
Major Factors Dictating CNT-FED Development 231
TABLE 78 MAJOR FACTORS DICTATING EMERGENCE OF CNT-BASED TECHNOLOGY IN FPD MARKETPLACE 231
Leading Organizations Involved in FED Development 232
TABLE 79 LEADING U.S. ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN U.S. CNT-FED/FED PATENT ACTIVITY, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 232
TABLE 80 LEADING FOREIGN COUNTRIES INVOLVED IN U.S. CNT-FED/FED PATENT ACTIVITY, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 232
TABLE 80 (CONTINUED) 233
TABLE 81 MAJOR PLAYERS AND ANCILLIARY GROUPS/COMPANIES INVOLVED IN CNT-FED DEVELOPMENT 233
TABLE 82 ORGANIZATIONS ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN CNT-FED PROTOTYPES, 2000-2009 234
Canon KK (Japan) 234
cDream Corp. (San Jose, CA) 235
CEA/LETI (France) 236
CopyTele, Inc. (Melville, NY) 237
CopyTele…(Continued) 238
Futaba Corp. (Japan) 239
Japan, Inc. 239
Motorola Laboratories (Tempe, AZ) 240
TABLE 83 ADVANTAGES AND CHALLENGES OF MOTOROLA'S CNT-BASED FED COMPARED WITH EXISTENT FPD TECHNOLOGIES 241
Nano-Proprietary/Applied Nanotech, Inc. (Austin, TX) 241
Nano-…(Continued) 242
Nano-…(Continued) 243
Noritake Itron Corp./Ise Electronics (Japan) 244
Printable Field Emitters, Ltd. (U.K.) 244
Samsung (Korea) 245
Taiwan, Inc. 246
Taiwan, Inc. (Continued) 247
OTHER FED APPLICATIONS 248
TABLE 84 EXAMPLES OF OTHER FED APPLICATIONS 248
TABLE 84 (CONTINUED) 249
Light Bulbs and Light Sources 249
Light Bulbs … (Continued) 250
TABLE 85 ADVANTAGES OF FE-CNT FLUORESCENT WHITE LIGHT SOURCE OVER CONVENTIONAL LAMPS 251
TABLE 86 RATIONALIZING CNT SYNTHESIS WITH END-USE FE PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS 251
Applications of CNT-Based FE Light Sources 251
TABLE 87 ORGANIZATIONS WITH U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY RELATING TO CNT-BASED FE LIGHT SOURCES (NUMBER) 252
Advance Nanotech, Inc./University of Bristol 252
Ahwahnee Technology (San Jose, CA) 253
Delta Optoelectronics, Inc. (Taiwan) 253
Dialight Japan Co., Ltd. 254
EPFL/NanoLight Int'l, Ltd. (Switzerland) 255
Electrovac AG (Austria) 255
Foxconn/Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., Ltd. (Taiwan) 255
Hanwha Chemical Co./Iljin Nanotech (Korea) 256
IBM/Thomas J. Watson Research Center 257
KAIST 257
Nanoexa (Burlingame, CA) 258
Nano-Proprietary/Advanced Nanotech Holdings, Inc. (Austin, TX) 258
Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (Korea) 259
Taitung University, Taiwan 259
University of Surrey/Advanced Technology Institute (U.K.) 260
FLEXIBLE DISPLAYS AND ELECTRONICS 261
Advance Nanotech, Inc. (New York, NY)/Cambridge University, (U.K.) 261
TABLE 88 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE APPLICATION OF CNTS IN FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS AND DISPLAYS 262
TABLE 88 (CONTINUED) 263
Advanced Technology Institute/University of Surrey/Surrey Nanosystems, Ltd. 263
Arrowhead Research (Pasadena, CA) 264
DuPont Electronic Technologies (Hayward, CA) 264
DuPont … (Continued) 265
Eikos, Inc. (Franklin, MA) 266
NanoIntegris, Inc. (Skokie, IL) 266
NEC Corp. (Tokyo, Japan) 266
Rennselaer Polytechnic Institute 267
Unidym, Inc. (Menlo Park, CA) 267
Unidym, Inc. …(Continued) 268
University of Illinois/Semprius, Inc. (Durham, NC) 269
MEMORY APPLICATIONS 269
TABLE 89 ATTRACTIVE PROPERTIES OF CNTS FOR MEMORY APPLICATIONS 270
Memory Applications (Continued) 271
TABLE 90 LEADING PLAYERS IN CNT-MEMORY INITIATIVES BASED ON U.S. PATENTS, 1997-JULY 25, 2006 (NUMBER) 272
TABLE 90 (CONTINUED) 273
Nantero, Inc. (Woburn, MA) 273
Nantero, Inc. … (Continued) 274
ENERGY CONVERSION AND STORAGE 275
BATTERIES 276
Lead-Acid Batteries 276
Lithium-Ion Batteries 276
Lithium-Ion … (Continued) 277
Lithium Polymer Batteries 276
Lithium-Ion … (Continued) 277
Lithium Polymer Batteries 278
CNT Commercial Battery Developments 279
TABLE 91 LEADING PLAYERS IN CNT-BASED BATTERY TECHNOLOGY ACCORDING TO U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 279
TABLE 91 (CONTINUED) 280
Micro Bubble Technologies, Inc. (South Korea)/Next Alternative, Inc. (Canada) 280
FUEL CELLS 281
TABLE 92 CNTS ENDEARING PROPERTIES USED IN FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS 282
Hydrogen Fuel Cells 282
TABLE 93 KEY PROPERTIES AFFECTING FUEL CELL PERFORMANCE 283
DMFC 283
Substitution of CNTs in MEA Materials 284
CNTs Used in Hydrogen and DMFCs 285
Optimizing Catalyst Loading and Retention 285
CNT-Based MEAs 286
Critical Fuel Cell Components 286
GDLs 286
Surface Wettability 287
Early Commercial Applications and Development of Fuel Cells 288
TABLE 94 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS PATENTING U.S. CNT FUEL CELL ENHANCEMENTS, 2002-DECEMBER 30, 2006 289
More Recent Patent Activity and Commercial Developments 289
TABLE 95 PATENT ACTIVITY IN U.S. CNT-BASED FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS AMONG U.S. ORGANIZATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 290
TABLE 96 PATENT ACTIVITY IN U.S. CNT-BASED FUEL CELL APPLICATIONS AMONG FOREIGN ORGANIZATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 290
TABLE 96 (CONTINUED) 291
Intematix Corp. (Fremont, CA) 291
Japan, Inc. 292
Motorola, Inc. (Tempe, AZ) 292
Motorola, Inc… (Continued) 293
MTI MicroFuel Cells, Inc. (Albany, NY) 294
Neah Power Systems, Inc. (Bothel, WA) 295
Pacific Fuel Cell Corp. (Riverside, CA) 295
Show Denko KK (Japan) 295
UltraCell Corp. (Livermore, CA) 296
HYDROGEN STORAGE 297
Carbon Nanostructures 298
Underlying System Properties 299
Commercial Development and Patent Activity 300
TABLE 97 PATENT ACTIVITY IN U.S. CNT-BASED HYDROGEN STORAGE APPLICATIONS, 1997-APRIL 2006 (NUMBER) 301
TABLE 98 PATENT ACTIVITY IN U.S. CNT-BASED HYDROGEN STORAGE APPLICATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 301
TABLE 98 (CONTINUED) 302
Nanomix, Inc. 302
Motorola, Inc. 303
Sony Corporation 303
CAPACITORS 303
Basic Characteristics 303
TABLE 99 PERFORMANCE COMPARISON OF ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES 304
TABLE 100 ADVANTAGES OF SUPERCAPACITOR ELECTRICAL STORAGE DEVICES COMPARED WITH BATTERIES 305
TABLE 101 COMPARATIVE PERFORMANCE OF BATTERIES VERSUS CAPACITORS 305
EDLC 305
EDLC (Continued) 306
Research Activities in CNT-Based EDLCs 307
Georgia Institute of Technology Textile and Fiber Engineering 307
INRS (Quebec, Canada) 307
MIT Laboratory for Electromagnetic and Electronic Systems (LEES) 308
NASA Johnson Space Center 309
National Institute of AIST (Japan) 309
Stanford University/UCLA 309
University of California, Davis 310
University of Cambridge/Department of Engineering (U.K.) 311
University of Southern California (USC) 312
University of Texas at Austin 312
University of Texas at Dallas/NanoTech Institute 312
Early Patent Activity and Commercial Development in CNT-Based EDLCs 313
GSI Creos Corp., Asahi Glass, and TDK (Japan) 313
TABLE 102 U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY IN U.S. CNT-BASED EDL CAPACITORS AND APPLICATIONS, 1997-DECEMBER 30, 2006 (NUMBER) 314
Hyperion Catalysis Int'l 314
Iljin Nanotech (Korea) 314
Recent Patent Activity and Commercial Development in CNT-Based EDLCs 315
TABLE 103 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN U.S. CNT-BASED EDL CAPACITOR PATENT ACTIVITY, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 315
Arrowhead Research Corp./Agonn Systems, Inc. (Pasadena, CA) 315
Kemet Corp. (Greenville, SC) 316
Nisshinbo Holdings, Inc. (Tokyo, Japan) 316
Honda Motor Co., Ltd. (Tokyo, Japan) 317
SOLAR/PV CELLS 317
Basic Characteristics 317
Basic … (Continued) 318
Academic Research 319
TABLE 104 ACADEMIC RESEARCH ACTIVITIES IN CNT-BASED SOLAR CELLS 319
Commercial Development 320
TABLE 105 CNT PATENT ACTIVITY IN SOLAR CELL APPLICATIONS, 1997-DECEMBER 30, 2006 (NUMBER) 321
TABLE 106 PATENT ACTIVITY IN CNT-BASED SOLAR CELL APPLICATIONS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 321
Ambit Corp. (Ashland, MA) 322
Arrowhead Research Corp./Nanopolaris (Pasadena, CA) 322
BP Solar North America (Frederick, MA) 323
DuPont (Wilmington, DE) 324
Dow Corning Corp. (Midland, MI) 324
Eikos, Inc. (Franklin, MA) 325
First Solar, LLC (Phoenix, AZ) 326
HelioVolt Corp. (Austin, TX) 326
Innovalight, Inc. (Manhasset, NY) 327
Konarka Technologies (Lowell, MA) 327
Miasolé (San Jose, CA) 328
Nanosolar, Inc. (Palo Alto, CA) 328
Plextronics, Inc. (Pittsburg, PA) 329
Wakonda Technologies, Inc./RIT 330
OTHER ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS 330
TABLE 107 PATENT ACTIVITY IN U.S. CNT-BASED APPLICATIONS USED IN OTHER ENERGY CONVERSION SYSTEMS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 330
TABLE 107 (CONTINUED) 331
Mechanical Energy Storage 331
Thermionic Power 331
Thermal Rectifiers 332
MEMBRANES: FILTRATION AND SEPARATION MEDIA 333
TABLE 108 ATTRACTIVE PROPERTIES OF CNTS AS SEPARATION MEMBRANES 334
DEVELOPMENTS AND APPLICATIONS 334
TABLE 109 ORGANIZATIONS WITH U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY IN CNT MEMBRANES, FILTRATION AND SEPARATION MEDIA, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 334
TABLE 109 (CONTINUED) 335
TABLE 110 RESEARCH AND COMMERCIAL PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENTS OF VARIOUS CNT-BASED MEMBRANE SEPARATION TECHNOLOGIES 335
Biosource, Inc./Voltea, Ltd. (London, U.K.) 336
Clemson University 336
Cnanoz, Inc (Research Triangle Park, NC) 337
Covalent Industrial Technologies, LLC (Hayward, CA) 337
LLNL 338
LLNL (Continued) 339
Philip Morris USA Research Center 340
Procter & Gamble Co. 341
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 341
Seldon Laboratories, LLC 342
University of Kentucky, Center for Applied Energy Research 343
Velocys, Inc. (Plain City, OH)/Oxford Catalysts Group plc (Oxford, U.K.) 343
SENSORS 344
TYPES OF SENSORS 344
TABLE 111 TYPES OF CNT SENSORS 345
Biosensors 345
TABLE 112 TYPES OF CNT BIOSENSOR SYSTEMS 345
TABLE 112 (CONTINUED) 346
Chemical Sensors 346
TABLE 113 KEY PROPERTIES OF CNTS EXPLOITED IN SENSOR APPLICATIONS 347
Physical Sensors and Actuators 348
RECENT PATENT ACTIVITY IN SENSORS 349
TABLE 114 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN U.S. CNT-SENSOR PATENT ACTIVITY, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 349
COMMERCIAL PROTOTYPE DEVELOPMENTS 350
Applied Nanotech Holdings, Inc. (Austin, TX) 350
Gated Metal Oxide Sensor 350
Palladium Nanoparticle Hydrogen Sensor 350
Photoacoustic Sensor (PAS) 351
Other Recent Sensor and Detector-Related Developments 351
Honeywell Int'l, Inc. (Morristown, NJ) 352
Motorola Laboratories (Tempe, AZ) 352
Nanomix, Inc. (Emeryville, CA) 353
Nanosensors, Inc.(Santa Clara, CA) 354
Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 355
Pacific … (Continued) 356
YTC America, Inc. (Camarillo, CA) 357
OTHER APPLICATIONS 357
BIOSENSORS 357
Alpha Szenszor, Inc. (Worcester, MA) 358
Applied Nanotech Holdings, Inc. (Austin, TX) 358
Nanomix, Inc. (Emeryville, CA)/MysticMD, Inc. (Groton, CT) 359
BIOMEDICAL DEVELOPMENTS 359
TABLE 115 POTENTIAL USES OF CNTS IN THE BIOMEDICAL AREA 359
TABLE 116 RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS IN CNT BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS, PRIOR TO 2007 360
TABLE 117 RESEARCH DEVELOPMENTS IN CNT BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS, 2007-2009 361
Potential Commercial CNT Biomedical Developments 362
Chromoz, Inc. (Research Triangle Park, NC) 362
Intel Corp. (Santa Clara, CA) 363
XinRay Systems, LLC (Research Triangle Park, NC) 363
CATALYST SUPPORTS 364
Industrial Chemical Process Synthesis 364
TABLE 118 U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY LEADERS IN CNT CATALYST SUPPORTS, 2007-SEPTEMBER 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 365
BTU Int'l, Inc. (North Billerica, MA) 366
Headwaters Technology Innovation, Inc. (Lawrenceville, NJ) 366
Hyperion Catalysis Int'l, Inc. (Cambridge, MA) 366
Electrocatalysis 366
Photocatalytic Support Systems 367
TABLE 119 APPLICATIONS OF CNTS IN PHOTOCATALYTIC SYSTEMS 367
ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY 368
Xerox Corp. (Stamford, CT) 368
INSTRUMENTS: ACTUATORS, MANIPULATORS AND PROBES 368
TABLE 120 U.S. CNT PATENT ACTIVITY INVOLVING ACTUATORS, INSTRUMENTS AND MANIPULATORS, 2007-JUNE 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 368
TABLE 120 (CONTINUED) 369
Commercial Developments in SPM/AFM CNT Probes 369
Carbon Design Innovations (Burlingame, CA) 370
Carbon Nanoprobes, Inc. (White Plains, NY) 370
Xidex Corp. (Austin, TX) 371
OIL RECOVERY 372
TABLE 121 U.S. PATENT ACTIVITY IN CNT ENHANCEMENTS IN OIL RECOVERY, 2007-SEPTEMBER 30, 2009 (NUMBER) 372
SECURITY 373
TABLE 122 LEADING ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN VARIOUS CNT-BASED SECURITY APPLICATIONS 373
TABLE 122 (CONTINUED) 374
Bioterrorism and Explosives Detection 374
Stanford University 374
MIT 375
Body Armor and Smart Textiles 375
National Research Council Canada (Ottawa, Canada) 375
Nanocomp Technologies, Inc. (Concord, NH) 376
Q-Flo, Ltd. (Cambridge, U.K.) 376
Nico Technologies (Ann Arbor, MI) 377
RFID Tags 377
Alien Technology Corp. (Morgan Hills, CA) 378
Ambient Systems, B.V. (Enschede, Netherlands) 378
AMBIT Corp. (Ashland, MA) 379
Nantero Inc. (Woburn, MA)/Hewlett-Packard Specialty Printing Systems (San Diego, CA) 380
X-Ray Detection 380
American Science and Engineering, Inc. (Billerica, MA) 381
XinRay Systems, LLC (Research Triangle Park, NC) 381
POLISHING 382
Applied Materials, Inc. (Santa Clara, CA) 382
Chapter-7: MARKET ANALYSIS
TECHNOLOGY PUSH 383
CNT COMMERCIAL PRODUCTION AND ESTIMATED SALES REVENUES 383
MWNTs 383
TABLE 123 CONFIRMED ANNUAL PRODUCTION COMMITMENT OF COMMERCIAL MWNTS: TIER 1 COMPANIES, 2009-2014 (METRIC TONS) 384
TABLE 124 UNCONFIRMED ANNUAL PRODUCTION COMMITMENT OF COMMERCIAL MWNTS: TIER 2 COMPANIES, 2009-2014 (METRIC TONS) 384
TABLE 125 GLOBAL MARKET FORECAST FOR MWNT PRODUCTION REVENUES, THROUGH 2014 ($ MILLIONS) 385
SWNTs 386
TABLE 126 UNCONFIRMED ANNUAL PRODUCTION COMMITMENT OF COMMERCIAL SWNTS: TIER 1 AND 2 COMPANIES, 2009-2014 (KG) 386
TABLE 127 MARKET FORECAST FOR SWNT PRODUCTION AND REVENUES: TIER 1 COMPANIES, THROUGH 2014 387
Other Specialty Grades 388
TABLE 128 FORECAST FOR SPECIALTY FWNTS PRODUCTION REVENUES, THROUGH 2014 388
Other Companies Influencing CNT Exploitation 388
TABLE 129 OTHER COMPANIES AIDING CNT COMMERCIALIZATION 389
Carbon Solutions, Inc. 390
NanoIntegris, Inc. 390
Brewer Science, Inc. 390
MARKET PULL 390
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR CNTS IN POLYMER COMPOSITES 391
AERONAUTICAL APPLICATIONS 391
Aeronautical Applications (Continued) 392
AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS 393
Automotive Applications (Continued) 394
ELECTRONIC PACKAGING APPLICATIONS 395
FLAME-RETARDANT APPLICATIONS 395
INDUSTRIAL SEALS 395
SPORTS EQUIPMENT APPLICATIONS 396
OTHER COMPETITIVE FACTORS AND DEVELOPMENTS 397
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR CNTS IN OTHER MATRIX COMPOSITES 398
MARKET PROSPECTS FOR CNTS IN ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS 399
ELECTRONIC/NANOELECTRONIC COMPONENTS 399
FE DISPLAYS AND RELATED DEVICES 400
FE Displays 400
TABLE 130 PROS AND CONS FOR CNT FE DISPLAY MARKET 401
MARKET CHALLENGES:
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