Reportlinker Adds Hydrogen as a Chemical Constituent and as an Energy Source
NEW YORK, March 24, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:
Hydrogen as a Chemical Constituent and as an Energy Source
http://www.reportlinker.com/p0461663/Hydrogen-as-a-Chemical-Constituent-and-as-an-Energy-Source.html
The U.S. market for hydrogen as a chemical constituent and as an energy source was valued at $22 billion in 2010. This market is expected to increase at a 3% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) to reach a value of $25.5 billion in 2015.
The refining segment of the U.S. market was valued at $9 billion in 2010. This market is expected to increase at an 8.4% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) to reach a value of $13.5 billion in 2015.
Total world production of hydrogen as a chemical constituent and as an energy source was valued at $120 billion in 2010. This market is expected to increase at a 6.3% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) to reach a value of $163 billion in 2015.
INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW
The purpose of this report is to measure and forecast the demand for hydrogen as a chemical constituent and as an energy source. The report defines individual markets and technical applications for hydrogen. In regard to cutting-edge developments, areas such as nanotechnology and biological processing, where considerable research dollars have been expended, are covered.
Among the key trends in the hydrogen business are pipeline development and plant modernization. Hundreds of millions of dollars in projects to build new hydrogen production facilities, and new pipelines, have been announced in the last several years. Coincidentally, though, there have been significant cutbacks in government funding for hydrogen-related research.
THE FUEL OF THE FUTURE
Much has been said about hydrogen being the "fuel of the future" due to its abundance as an element and its nonpolluting combustion products. Less has been said about the fact that other forms of energy must be used to produce the hydrogen which will be used as fuel. Most hydrogen is bound up in compounds such as methane or water or more complex sources such as coal, and energy is required to break the hydrogen free from these compounds, then to separate, purify, compress, and/or liquefy the hydrogen for storage and transportation to usage points. Widespread production, distribution and use of hydrogen will require many innovations and investments to be made in efficient and environmentally acceptable production systems, transportation systems, storage systems and usage devices.
Hydrogen is primarily used in petroleum refining and as a chemical intermediate, particularly in the manufacture of agricultural fertilizers. Hydrogen has some utility as a fuel source in transportation, but numerous technical and economic barriers still exist to widespread deployment of either hydrogen-powered engines in vehicles or fuel cell-powered vehicles that use stored hydrogen.
Hydrogen is an energy carrier, much like electricity, and therefore requires a primary energy source to produce it. One of the primary economic barriers to more widespread use of hydrogen as a fuel is the fact that it requires significant energy inputs to produce hydrogen. In the U.S. virtually all hydrogen is made from natural gas, giving rise to significant quantities of unwanted and undesirable carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.
Despite the unfavorable economics for uses of hydrogen other than refining and as a chemical intermediate, interest in it has always remained strong because hydrogen in transportation would not directly generate greenhouse gases. And if the hydrogen can be obtained via "renewable" resources such as wind or solar power or even biological processing, it would truly be emission-free.
The cheapest way to produce hydrogen is natural gas reforming or coal gasification at a central plant. Hydrogen, particularly high purity hydrogen, can be obtained indirectly from electricity via water electrolysis, a usually costly process due to the high energy input. Because all current processes to produce hydrogen generate significant amounts of CO2 emissions, large-scale hydrogen production from natural gas and coal would be environmentally acceptable only if combined with carbon capture and storage technologies.
During, and in many cases beyond, the forecast period of this report, some essential technologies that could be deployed to produce hydrogen include fossil sources with carbon sequestration (coal and natural gas), renewable energy sources (solar, wind, and hydroelectric), biological methods (biomass and biological), and nuclear energy.
SCOPE OF STUDY
This BCC study focuses on key hydrogen technologies and applications. It provides data about the size and growth of both captive and merchant hydrogen markets, company profiles, patent trends and industry trends. Cutting-edge developments, research priorities, and potential business opportunities are a key focus.
The report focuses on the following:
The structure of the hydrogen industry, its driving forces, competitive aspects, market segmentation, distribution channels, pricing, and technology.
Analysis of global market trends, with data for 2009, estimates for 2010, and projections of compound annual growth rates (CAGRs) through 2015.
Assessment of hydrogen demand, with 5-year forecasts.
Reviews of global environmental and energy regulations.
Company profiles.
Patent activity.
INTENDED AUDIENCE
With its broad scope and in-depth analyses, this study will prove to be a valuable resource, particularly for anyone involved with or interested in hydrogen as a chemical intermediate or an energy resource. It will be particularly useful for researchers and laboratory and government personnel working in research or company settings as well as business professionals such as marketing managers, strategic planners, forecasters, new product and business developers who are involved with most aspects of the hydrogen industry. It also will be of value to potential investors and members of the general public who are interested in acquiring a business-oriented view of the use of hydrogen in practical applications. The projections, forecasts, and trend analyses found in this report provide readers with the necessary data and information for decision-making.
METHODOLOGY
Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used in preparing this study. Research METHODOLOGY was both quantitative and qualitative in nature, the latter relying on Delphi-style forecasting techniques. Initially, a comprehensive and exhaustive search of academic literature discussing hydrogen applications was conducted. These secondary sources include hydrogen and fuel cell journals and related books, trade literature, marketing literature, other product/promotional literature, annual reports, security analyst reports, and other publications. A patent search and analysis was conducted. Other sources include magazines, academics, technology suppliers, technical experts, trade association officials, government officials, and consulting companies.
INFORMATION SOURCES
As is the case with most industries and economic sectors, data resources analyzing the applications and markets for hydrogen have become vast. There are numerous peer reviewed, referred journals devoted solely to hydrogen technology, not to mention environmental journals that report on larger systems issues or strategic/economic issues in environmental management. Data sources that were employed include press releases on company websites covering application news, company news, marketing news, and product news as well as brochures, product literature, magazines, technical journals, technical books, marketing and other promotional literature, annual reports, security analyst reports, and other hydrogen-specific business digest publications. An extensive patent analysis was conducted to gauge technological innovation and to determine research activity as it applies to new product development.
ANALYST'S CREDENTIALS
The author of this report, Project Analyst Kevin Gainer, holds B.A. and M.A. degrees in quantitative economic analysis and technology forecasting and has 25 years of economic, industry intelligence, and market research experience. He is the author of six published books and dozens of technical papers, analyses, and studies published in conference proceedings, including many unpublished proprietary analyses within corporations. He has worked as a Research Editor and Project Analyst at BCC Research since 1985, and has authored numerous BCC technology market research reports and periodicals.
Chapter- 1: INTRODUCTION
OVERVIEW 1
THE FUEL OF THE FUTURE 1
SCOPE OF STUDY 2
INTENDED AUDIENCE 3
METHODOLOGY 3
INFORMATION SOURCES 3
ANALYST'S CREDENTIALS 4
RELATED BCC PUBLICATIONS 4
BCC ONLINE SERVICES 4
DISCLAIMER 5
Chapter-2: SUMMARY
SUMMARY 6
MAJOR FINDINGS 7
SUMMARY TABLE THE VALUE OF HYDROGEN AS A CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT AND ENERGY SOURCE, U.S. MARKET, 2010 THROUGH 2015 ($ BILLIONS) 8
SUMMARY FIGURE HYDROGEN AS A CHEMICAL CONSTITUENT AND ENERGY SOURCE, 2010 AND 2015 ($ BILLIONS) 9
Chapter-3: OVERVIEW AND RESEARCH FOCUS
OVERVIEW 10
APPLICATIONS 10
HISTORICAL CONTEXT 11
TABLE 1 FUEL FLEXIBILITY OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES 11
HYDROGEN TODAY 12
TABLE 2 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION DATA, 2005-2009 (TRILLION STANDARD CUBIC FEET/YEAR) 13
NATURAL GAS AND HYDROGEN 13
HYDROGEN COST/BENEFIT EQUATION IN SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS 14
ENVIRONMENTAL PROFILE OF HYDROGEN 15
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT 15
TABLE 3 FUNDING FOR THE HYDROGEN FUEL INITIATIVE, FISCAL YEARS 2004-2008 ($ MILLIONS) 16
SUBSIDIES AND TAXES 16
STATE LEVEL INITIATIVES 16
State Level Initiatives (Continued) 17
State Level Initiatives (Continued) 18
FUTURE PROSPECTS 19
INVESTMENT RISK 20
RESEARCH FOCUSES 20
RESEARCH FOCUSES (CONTINUED) 21
Chapter-4: CURRENT STATUS OF THE INDUSTRY
CURRENT PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES 22
SAFETY PROFILE, CODES, AND STANDARDS 23
COMPARISON OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION COSTS 23
COMPARISON OF HYDROGEN … (CONTINUED) 24
TECHNOLOGY STATUS AND PERFORMANCE 25
MANUFACTURING STATUS 25
WORLD PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN 26
TABLE 4 GLOBAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY RAW MATERIAL, 2010 (MILLION METRIC TONS) 27
PLANT CAPITAL COSTS 27
TABLE 5 MANUFACTURING R&D CHALLENGES FOR DISTRIBUTED HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 28
FEDERAL R&D RELATING TO HYDROGEN 29
TABLE 6 HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL BUDGET, 2004-2011 ($ THOUSANDS) 29
Chapter-5: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE
OVERVIEW 30
TABLE 7 TOP U.S. REFINERY HYDROGEN PRODUCERS BASED ON CAPACITY, 2009 (MILLION STANDARD CUBIC FEET PER DAY) 30
TABLE 7 (CONTINUED) 31
Chapter-6: MERCHANT HYDROGEN MARKET
TABLE 8 U.S. MERCHANT HYDROGEN PRODUCTION (BILLION LBS.) 32
MERCHANT MARKET DELIVERY MODES 32
TABLE 9 MERCHANT MARKET DELIVERY MODES, 2009 (%) 33
LOCATION OF THE MERCHANT PLANTS 33
TABLE 10 MERCHANT LIQUID AND COMPRESSED GAS HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY IN THE U.S. AND CANADA, BY COMPANY AND LOCATION, 2010 34
TABLE 10 (CONTINUED) 35
TABLE 10 (CONTINUED) 36
Chapter-7: PIPELINE DELIVERY OF HYDROGEN
PIPELINE MARKET 37
TABLE 11 U.S. HYDROGEN PIPELINE MILES BY STATE, 2009 37
PIPELINE MARKET SHARES 37
TABLE 12 U.S. HYDROGEN PIPELINE MILES BY OWNER, 2009 38
TABLE 13 EUROPEAN HYDROGEN PIPELINE MILES BY OWNER, 2009 38
ECONOMICS OF PIPELINE TRANSPORT 38
MAJOR PIPELINE ADDITIONS IN 2010 39
Chapter-8: PRINCIPAL FOREIGN MARKETS
WORLD HYDROGEN MARKET OVERVIEW 40
TABLE 14 HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN EUROPE, 1997-2007 41
TABLE 15 FORECAST HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN EUROPE, THROUGH 2015 42
EUROPEAN MARKET SHARES 42
TABLE 16 MERCHANT LIQUID AND COMPRESSED GAS HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY IN EUROPE, BY COMPANY AND LOCATION, 2009 42
TABLE 16 (CONTINUED) 43
TABLE 16 (CONTINUED) 44
TABLE 16 (CONTINUED) 45
EUROPEAN PIPELINE BUSINESS 45
TABLE 17 EUROPEAN HYDROGEN PIPELINE MILES BY COUNTRY, 2009 46
OTHER PRINCIPAL MARKETS-CHINA 46
TABLE 18 CONSUMPTION OF HYDROGEN IN CHINA BY END-USER INDUSTRY, 2002 AND 2007 (MILLION TONS) 47
OTHER PRINCIPAL MARKETS-CHINA (CONTINUED) 48
OTHER PRINCIPAL MARKETS-CHINA (CONTINUED) 49
SUMMARY: WORLDWIDE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY AT REFINERIES 50
TABLE 19 WORLD RANKING OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY AT REFINERIES, RANKED BY CAPACITY, THROUGH 2009 (MILLION STANDARD CUBIC FEET PER DAY) 50
TABLE 19 (CONTINUED) 51
TABLE 20 WORLD RANKINGS OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY AT REFINERIES, RANKED BY GROWTH RATE, THROUGH 2009 (MILLION STANDARD CUBIC FEET PER DAY) 52
TABLE 20 (CONTINUED) 53
Chapter-9: WORLD SYNGAS BUSINESS AND HYDROGEN
OVERVIEW 54
SYNGAS PRODUCTION METHODS 54
WORLD SYNGAS CAPACITY 55
TABLE 21 SUMMARY OF THE GASIFICATION INDUSTRY, 2010 55
INDUSTRY CHANGES 56
REGIONAL DISTRIBUTION 56
FEEDSTOCK DISTRIBUTION 56
PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION 56
PRODUCT DISTRIBUTION (CONTINUED) 57
Chapter-10: HYDROGEN PRODUCTION PROCESSES
OVERVIEW 58
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 58
HYDROGEN FROM NATURAL GAS 59
HYDROGEN FROM COAL 60
HYDROGEN FROM NUCLEAR POWER 60
HYDROGEN FROM RENEWABLE RESOURCES 60
PLASMA REFORMING 60
FROM WATER: ELECTROLYSIS AND THERMOLYSIS 61
SULFUR-IODINE CYCLE 61
BIOHYDROGEN ROUTES 61
FERMENTATIVE HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 61
ENZYMATIC HYDROGEN GENERATION 62
BIOCATALYZED ELECTROLYSIS 62
LIQUEFACTION VERSUS GASIFICATION 62
CATALYSTS 63
CATALYSTS (CONTINUED) 64
Chapter-11: CURRENT HYDROGEN PRODUCTION STATISTICS
HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY 65
TABLE 22 PRODUCTION CAPACITY OF OPERABLE PETROLEUM REFINERIES, HYDROGEN AND OTHER PRODUCTS (BARRELS PER STREAM DAY, EXCEPT WHERE NOTED) 65
Chapter-12: HYDROGEN END-USE MARKETS
FUEL 66
POWER PRODUCTION SECTOR 66
MANUFACTURING 66
CHEMICAL PROCESS INDUSTRIES AND FOOD PRODUCTION 67
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT USES 67
HYDROGEN AS FUEL FOR STATIONARY POWER 68
CLEAN UP COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH NATURAL GAS AS THE HYDROGEN SOURCE 69
CLEAN UP COSTS ASSOCIATED … (CONTINUED) 70
COSTS OF LARGE- SCALE STATIONARY HYDROGEN POWER GENERATING PLANTS 71
TABLE 23 POWER PLANT CAPITAL AND OPERATING COSTS: FUEL CELLS VERSUS CONVENTIONAL OPTIONS, 2010 71
OVERSEAS COMMERCIAL STATUS OF FUEL CELL POWER PLANTS 72
OVERSEAS COMMERCIAL STATUS …(CONTINUED) 73
MINIATURE FUEL CELLS 74
MINIATURE FUEL CELLS (CONTINUED) 75
Chapter-13: HYDROGEN AS A CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATE
HYDROGEN FOR AMMONIA PRODUCTION 76
FERTILIZER 77
AMMONIA PRODUCTION CAPACITY – UNITED STATES 78
TABLE 24 U.S. AMMONIA PRODUCTION, 2005-2009 (THOUSAND METRIC TONS) 78
EFFECT OF GAS PRICES ON AMMONIA MARKET 79
CHANGES IN AMMONIA PRODUCTION CAPACITY 79
TABLE 25 WORLD AMMONIA PRODUCTION, 2008 AND 2009 (THOUSAND METRIC TONS) 80
PRODUCTION PROCESS DEVELOPMENT 80
Production Process Development (Continued) 81
Chapter-14: HYDROGEN IN PETROLEUM PROCESSING
OVERVIEW 82
REFINERY DEMAND 82
ALTERNATIVES TO HYDROGEN IN DESULFURIZATION 83
ULTRASONICALLY ASSISTED DESULFURIZATION 84
MARKET DEMAND 85
TABLE 26 WORLD HYDROGEN DEMAND FOR REFINERY PROCESSING OPERATIONS, THROUGH 2015 ($ BILLIONS) 85
HYDROGEN AND THE BURGEONING TAR SANDS BUSINESS 86
Chapter-15: U.S. REFINERY HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY BY STATE
TABLE 27 U.S. REFINERY HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY BY STATE, 2009 (MILLION STANDARD CUBIC FEET PER DAY) 87
TABLE 28 REFINERY HYDROGEN PRODUCTION CAPACITY BY INDIVIDUAL REFINERY, BY STATE 2000-2009 (MILLION STANDARD CUBIC FEET PER DAY) 88
TABLE 28 (CONTINUED) 89
Chapter-16: HYDROGEN AS ENERGY FOR TRANSPORTATION
OVERVIEW 90
HYTHANE 90
HYTHANE (CONTINUED) 91
HYTHANE ENGINES CERTIFIED BY CARB 92
HYDROGEN AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR GASOLINE 92
HYDROGEN AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR … (CONTINUED) 93
EFFECTS ON NATURAL GAS MARKETS 94
STORAGE OF HYDROGEN FOR TRANSPORTATION APPLICATIONS 94
COMPOSITE CYLINDERS FOR COMPRESSIONLESS RETAIL HYDROGEN FUELING STATIONS 95
Composite Cylinders for CompressionLess…(Continued) 96
Chapter-17: HYDROGEN IN TRANSPORTATION: OTHER TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH ISSUES
OVERVIEW 97
TECHNOLOGY ISSUES 98
THE FREEDOM CAR INITIATIVE 98
HYDROGEN FUEL DISTRIBUTION OPTIONS 99
DISTRIBUTED NATURAL GAS REFORMING 99
RENEWABLE ELECTROLYSIS FOR HYDROGEN FUELING 100
COMPETITIVE TRANSPORTATION FUELS 100
COMPRESSED NATURAL GAS 101
LIQUEFIED NATURAL GAS 101
LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS 101
HYDROGEN ENGINE TECHNOLOGY ISSUES 102
FUEL CELLS, FC VEHICLES, AND THE HYDROGEN MARKET 103
FUEL CELLS, FC VEHICLES, AND … (CONTINUED) 104
AMMONIA AS AN ENERGY CARRIER FOR FC VEHICLES 105
FUEL CELL-POWERED BUSES 106
TABLE 29 U.S. FUEL CELL BUS PROJECTS, 2010 106
TABLE 29 (CONTINUED) 107
FUEL CELL FLEETS 108
HYDROGEN VEHICLE STORAGE TECHNOLOGY ISSUES 109
SOLID STATE HYDROGEN STORAGE ? NANOTECHNOLOGY 110
COST PROJECTIONS FOR HYDROGEN AS VEHICLE FUEL 110
COST PROJECTIONS FOR HYDROGEN … (CONTINUED) 111
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY PROJECTIONS 112
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY (CONTINUED)… 113
Chapter-18: HYDROGEN STORAGE
OVERVIEW 114
STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION 114
STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION (CONTINUED) 115
DELIVERY 116
CENTRALIZED PRODUCTION AND DELIVERY 116
ON-SITE PRODUCTION 116
INNOVATIVE APPROACHES 116
POWER FROM THE SUN 116
RESEARCH EFFORTS 117
HYDROGEN DELIVERY INFRASTRUCTURE ISSUES 118
OTHER RESEARCH PRIORITIES 119
METAL ORGANIC FRAMEWORK OPTIMIZED FOR HYDROGEN STORAGE 120
COMPRESSIONLESS RETAIL HYDROGEN FUELING STATIONS 120
COMPRESSIONLESS RETAIL HYDROGEN … (CONTINUED) 121
POLYMER-BASED HYDROGEN STORAGE 122
ALUMINUM HYDRIDE, A HIGH-CAPACITY HYDROGEN STORAGE MATERIAL 122
Chapter-19: ALTERNATIVE PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES
CURRENT STATUS OF ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES 123
BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES 124
FUTURE PROSPECTS 124
FERMENTATION 124
Fermentation (Continued) 125
BIOLOGICAL WATER SPLITTING 126
PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL WATER SPLITTING 126
CONVERSION OF BIOMASS AND WASTES 126
SOLAR THERMAL WATER SPLITTING 126
GENETIC ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS 127
MICROBIAL ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS 127
ALGAE-BASED PROCESSES 128
HYDROGEN FROM MICROALGAE 129
CO-PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN WITH POWER, FUELS, AND CHEMICALS 130
CONCENTRATING SOLAR ENERGY TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN 130
LOW-TEMPERATURE ELECTROLYSIS 131
SPECIALIZED SEMICONDUCTORS ? DIRECT USE OF LOW-TEMPERATURE SOLAR ENERGY 131
HYDROGEN FROM COAL 131
HYDROGEN VIA COAL AND BIOMASS GASIFICATION 131
HYDROGEN AND CLEAN FUELS ? CENTRAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 132
HYDROGEN AND CLEAN FUELS ? … (CONTINUED) 133
COAL SYNGAS 135
CO-PRODUCTION OF ELECTRIC POWER AND FT LIQUIDS 136
Chapter-20: HYDROGEN AND THE FUTUREGEN PROJECT
CURRENT STATUS 137
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW 137
FIGURE 1 FUTUREGEN'S INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES 138
TECHNOLOGY OVERVIEW (CONTINUED) 139
Chapter-21: PATENT ANALYSIS
OVERVIEW 140
TABLE 30 HYDROGEN PATENTS BASED ON MAJOR FIELD OF APPLICATION, NOVEMBER 2009-NOVEMBER 2010 140
SAMPLE PATENTS 140
METALLIFEROUS, HYDROGEN-STORING MATERIAL AND PROCESS FOR ITS PRODUCTION 141
APPARATUS FOR HYDROGEN-AIR MIXING IN A FUEL CELL ASSEMBLY AND METHOD 141
MESOPOROUS NANOCRYSTALLINE TITANIA STRUCTURES FOR HYDROGEN SENSING 141
MATERIAL FOR STORAGE AND PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN, AND RELATED METHODS AND APPARATUS 142
HOUSING, APPARATUS FOR GENERATING HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL POWER GENERATION SYSTEM HAVING THE SAME 142
SOLAR HYDROGEN CHARGER 143
HYDROGEN GENERATING FUEL CELL CARTRIDGES 143
METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE DETECTION OF HYDROGEN 144
CATALYSTS FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION 144
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR GENERATING HYDROGEN 145
FUEL CELL OPERATING METHOD WITH IMPROVED HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN UTILIZATION 145
HYDROGEN PURIFICATION MEMBRANES, COMPONENTS AND FUEL PROCESSING SYSTEMS CONTAINING THE SAME 146
METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR GENERATING HYDROGEN-ENRICHED FUEL GAS FOR EMISSIONS REDUCTION AND CARBON DIOXIDE FOR SEQUESTRATION 146
HIGH-PERFORMANCE FLEXIBLE HYDROGEN SENSORS 147
CARBON-BASED FOAM NANOCOMPOSITE HYDROGEN STORAGE MATERIAL 147
MICROORGANISM HAVING THE IMPROVED GENE FOR HYDROGEN-GENERATING CAPABILITY, AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN USING THE SAME 148
FUEL CELL USING A HYDROGEN GENERATION SYSTEM 148
INTEGRATION OF HYDROGEN AND POWER GENERATION USING PRESSURE SWING REFORMING 149
DEVICE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN 149
HYDROGEN ODORANTS AND ODORANT SELECTION METHOD 150
HYDROGEN GENERATION APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR USING SAME 150
REPLACEABLE CARTRIDGE FOR LIQUID HYDROGEN 151
Chapter-22: COMPANY PROFILES
ACCENTUS PLC 152
ACCIONA S.A. 152
ACTA SPA 153
ADVANCED MATERIALS CORP 153
AIRGAS, INC. 154
AIR LIQUIDE 154
AIR PRODUCTS AND CHEMICALS 155
ALCHEMIX CORP 156
ALTERNATIVE FUEL SYSTEMS (2004) INC. 157
ALVATEC PRODUCTION AND SALES GESMBH 157
AMERICAN HYDROGEN CORPORATION 158
AMMINEX A/S 158
ASPEN PRODUCTS GROUP, INC. 159
AVALENCE LLC 160
BABCOCK-HITACHI 161
BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS 161
BASF 162
BATTELLE MEMORIAL INSTITUTE 162
BAYERISCHE MOTOREN WERKE AG 163
BC HYDRO 163
BEIJING UNIVERSITY OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 163
BEIJING JINFENG AEROSPACE S&T DEVELOPMENTS COMPANY 163
BLOOM ENERGY CORPORATION 164
BP P.L.C. 164
CERAMATEC 165
CHEVRON 166
CLEAN ENERGY RESEARCH & EDUCATION INSTITUTE 167
CONOCO PHILLIPS 167
DEER PARK REFINING LTD PTNRSHP 168
DIVERSIFIED ENERGY CORP 168
DYNETEK INDUSTRIES LTD 145 168
ECD OVONICS 169
EDEN ENERGY 169
E. I. DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY 170
ENGINEERED GAS SYSTEMS (EGS) 170
EPRIDA, INC. 171
ERGENICS 172
EQUISTAR CHEMICALS, LP 172
EXXON MOBIL 173
FLINT HILLS 173
FOSTER WHEELER AG. 174
FUEL CELL ENERGY, INC. 174
GAS TECHNOLOGY INSTITUTE (GTI) 175
GENERAL ATOMICS 176
GENERAL HYDROGEN 176
HALDOR TOPSOE A/S 177
H2SCAN 177
HTC PURENERGY 178
HY9 CORP. 179
HYDROGENICS CORP. 179
HYTHANE 180
IDATECH, LLC 181
INNOVATEK, INC. 181
INTELLIGENT ENERGY 182
LINDE AG 183
MAGNA INTERNATIONAL, INC. 184
MAKEL ENGINEERING, INC. 185
MARKWEST JAVELINA 185
MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS RESEARCH, INC. 186
MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGY AND RESEARCH, INC. 187
MO SCI CORP. 188
MOTIVA ENTERPRISES, LLC 188
NANOMIX, INC. 189
NATIONAL CENTER FOR HYDROGEN TECHNOLOGY 190
PLUG POWER, LLC 190
PRATT & WHITNEY 190
PRAXAIR, INC. 191
PROJECT PERFORMANCE CORPORATION 191
PROTON ENERGY SYSTEMS, INC. 192
QUANTUM FUEL SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGIES WORLDWIDE, INC. 192
RELION, INC. 192
SECAT, INC. 193
SHELL OIL 193
SOLAR SYSTEMS PTY., LTD. 194
SOTACARBO S.P.A 194
TECHNIP SA 195
TESORO CORPORATION 195
UHDE GMBH 196
VALERO ENERGY CORPORATION 197
WELDSHIP CORPORATION 197
WRB 198
XEBEC ADSORPTION, INC. 199
ZTEK CORPORATION, INC. 199
Chapter-23: GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS
HYDROGEN GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS 200
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