Reportlinker Adds Materials for Proton Exchange Membranes and Membrane Electrode Assemblies for PEM Fuel Cells
NEW YORK, Dec. 14, 2010 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:
Materials for Proton Exchange Membranes and Membrane Electrode Assemblies for PEM Fuel Cells
INTRODUCTION
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
This analysis focuses on the three main components of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). These include:
Membranes
Gaseous diffusion layers and bipolar plates
Catalysts and inks
Polymer membranes that are the electrolyte and therefore the heart of the fuel cell, and they receive extra attention. The report also examines the history and advancing technology of these components, the companies involved in these developments, the current and projected incentives, and the projected markets for such technologies.
Identified as a practical solution to many of the technological and environmental problems facing the world today, the proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell is appropriate as a power source for transportation, stationary distributive power, and small-scale applications such as portable electronic products. Applications for all types of fuel cells are still evolving. In the process of this evolution, the different proton exchange membrane materials and MEAs will evolve and be adapted to more specific uses.
Identifying how researchers are solving the search for better membranes that have greater tolerances to poisoning, greater durability, and lower costs is a major objective of the report. The U.S. Japanese, Chinese, and European Union governments are pouring billions of dollars of loans, subsidies, and outright grants into fuel cell research and development — and at the same time there has been a series of brutal confrontations between Congress and the President's administration over continued fuel cell vehicle funding. Meanwhile, European and Far Eastern government subsidies increase.
Commercialization of the fuel cell is not solely influenced by engineers and scientists working on stacks and reformers. (This is also brought about by subsidies by the government, lobbying efforts, venture capitalists, and most of all by some consumers actually finding a need or desire for the product.) A major cost issue addressed is the critical issue of the catalyst component.
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
Fuel cells are viewed as potential candidates for auxiliary power, mobile power, stationary distributed or central power, and portable product power. Advances in the technology are made, but sometimes these advances reveal even more challenges to be met. Slowly there is the realization that total dependency on hydrocarbon fuels is not a viable economic option. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells have a part in securing energy security for the country, improving the environment, greatly reducing urban pollution, and creating jobs in manufacturing as the technology advances. They can also provide a cost-effective and performance-driven rival for advanced batteries.
This study analyzes components of the PEM fuel cell, a technology offering the promise of greatly reduced environmental impact and excellent performance, price, and efficiency advantages. Recent historic developments and approaches are described along with recent commercial developments and the state of the art. Hydrogen feed fuel cells are based on the electrochemical reaction between hydrogen and oxygen. This electrochemical process does not pollute the environment with hydrocarbons, particulates or any sulfur or nitrogen oxides. The study identifies the opportunities and technological requirements of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell and the MEA and the bipolar plates for the PEM fuel cell. When several units of the membrane electrode assembly are capped off with a bipolar plate and properly assembled, the arrangement is referred to as a stack.
Questions to be answered include determining a timetable for PEM fuel cell commercialization, as well as what types of membranes and membrane assemblies are needed to make this possible.
INTENDED AUDIENCE
This report is intended to provide a unique analysis of the broadly defined global proton exchange membrane market and will be of interest to a variety of current and potential fuel cell users as well as fuel cell makers and component and membrane makers. This report also can provide valuable information in terms of assessing investment in particular technologies and, therefore, should benefit investors directly or indirectly. The vital importance of platinum as a catalyst for PEM fuel cells is addressed. Anyone interested in the precious metals market, in nanomaterials, or in alternative catalysts will find the evaluations of the technology of interest. BCC Research wishes to thank those companies, government agencies, and university researchers that contributed information for this report.
This analysis is designed to be as comprehensive as possible. This document is intended to be value to a broad audience of business, technical, investment, and regulatory professionals. It is an information source for an emerging industry as well as a reference on a developing technology. It presents analysis and forward-thinking evaluations that will be of advantage to manufacturers; material suppliers; and to local, state, and federal government entities. Corporate planners will benefit from the report's evaluation of the demands for proton exchange membranes, membrane electrode assemblies, and platinum catalyst and the companies involved in their development and manufacture. Others may find the broad discussions of energy policy, environmental impact, platinum supply, and chemical synthesis of membranes to be of considerable value in understanding the opportunities and problems facing the fuel cell industry in the near- to mid-term.
SCOPE OF REPORT
The fuel cell industry in various forms has been developing for decades. There are notable examples of fuel cell successes. The proton exchange membrane fuel cell is emerging as a winner in many of the primary categories that fuel cells can satisfy. Existing membranes and assemblies still have room for improvement. Proton exchange membrane fuel cell development and commercialization is an ever-changing process. This BCC Research analysis examines the market and technology for the materials and technology of proton exchange membranes and electrode assemblies and for bipolar plates for PEMFCs, including direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs). This includes the gas diffusion layer (GDL), the catalyst ink/electrode, the membrane itself, and the bipolar plate. Ancillary stack assembly materials such as bolts, gaskets, tie-outs, and final assembly and packaging costs are excluded.
This report details the actuals for 2006, 2009, and 2010 and compound annual growth rate (CAGR) projections for 2015 for the North American, European, Far Eastern, and rest-of-world markets. Selected 2006 actuals will help as a basis for today's markets and tomorrow's projections. When appropriate, consensus, optimistic, and pessimistic scenarios are presented. A patent analysis and discussion for power sources and vehicle components describes where research is performed and emphasizes intellectual property issues.
METHODOLOGY
An in-depth analysis of technical and business literature and published dissertations, a review of the history of the technologies involved, interviews with industry experts, company representatives, federal government researchers, and university scientists provide an assessment of the outlook for the next generation of PEMFCs and membrane electrode assemblies. Other INFORMATION SOURCES include product literature from suppliers, scientific references, conferences, patent searches.
Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used in preparing this report, which is based on interviews with commercial and government sources, literature reviews, and patent examinations. Throughout the report, past market data is expressed in current dollars, and estimates and projections are in constant 2010 dollars. Historic markets (2006 and 2009) and the projected market for 2015 are provided. Most market summaries are based on a consensus scenario that assumes no unanticipated technical advances and no unexpected legislation. When appropriate, pessimistic, consensus, and optimistic market scenarios characterize several developmental markets. Totals are rounded to the nearest million dollars. When appropriate, information from previously published sources is identified to allow a more detailed examination by clients.
INFORMATION SOURCES
Market assumptions used in this report include those based on updates of material from an earlier version of this analysis, as well as from BCC Research studies. This report's author prepared these studies as well. He also edits the twice-monthly BCC Research newsletter, Fuel Cell Industry Report, which is a uniquely valuable source for this market. Although many segments of the industry are well documented, much of this information is based on estimates, not hard facts. The distinction between these estimates and hard facts can be vital, and wherever possible, sources are identified.
ANALYST CREDENTIALS
This report's project analyst, Donald Saxman, is the editor of BCC Research's Fuel Cell Industry Report and Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Progress newsletters, and has founded several other BCC newsletters. Mr. Saxman has more than 28 years of experience in market analysis, technical writing, and newsletter editing. Since 1983, he has operated as a technical market consultant and subcontractor to BCC Research, and, in this capacity, he has prepared more than 80 technology market research reports, including many that covered battery technology and battery markets. His previous experience includes supervision of a quality-control laboratory at a major secondary lead refinery, experience as an analytical chemist at a hazardous waste testing service, product assurance manager for a space station life-support-system project, and an information technology business analyst and project manager.
Highlights
The global market value of components for PEM fuel cell membrane electrode assembly (MEA) as defined by the membrane, the bipolar plates, the gaseous diffusion layers, and the catalyst ink and electrodes, is an estimated $383 million in 2010. This market is expected to grow at a 20.6% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) over the 5-year forecast period to reach $977 million in 2015.
Of the PEMFC MEA components, membranes have the greatest value, estimated at $200 million in 2010. By 2015, this sector will be worth $424 million, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 16.2%.
Inks and catalysts have the second largest share but will experience the highest growth rate of the aforementioned components. This sector is valued at $103 million in 2010 and is forecast to increase at a 28% compound annual growth rate (CAGR) to reach $354 million in 2015.
Chapter- 1: INTRODUCTION -- Complimentary
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 1
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY 2
INTENDED AUDIENCE 2
SCOPE OF REPORT 3
METHODOLOGY 3
INFORMATION SOURCES 4
ANALYST CREDENTIALS 4
RELATED BCC REPORTS 5
BCC ONLINE SERVICES 5
DISCLAIMER 5
Chapter-2: SUMMARY
SUMMARY 6
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL PEMFC MEA MARKET, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 7
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL PEMFC MEA MARKET, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 7
Chapter-3: PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL OVERVIEW
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY 8
PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL FUNDAMENTALS 9
PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE … (CONTINUED) 10
FIGURE 1 GENERIC PEMFC DIAGRAM SHOWING COMPONENTS 11
FUEL AND FUEL REFORMING FUNDAMENTALS 12
Improved Hydrogen Separation 12
Filtering Hydrogen and Oxygen 13
Georgia Tech Analysis of Fuel Cell Failure Modes 14
Georgia Tech Analysis … (Continued) 15
THE DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL VARIATION 16
The Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Variation (Continued) 17
FIGURE 2 SCHEMATIC DMFC CHEMISTRY 18
PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL COMPANIES 18
TABLE 1 PEMFC AND DMFC MAKERS 19
PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUEL CELL MARKET DRIVERS 20
MARKET SEGMENTATION AND INDUSTRY CONCENTRATION 21
Market Segmentation and … (Continued) 22
Portable Market Sector Market Drivers and Market Factors 22
TABLE 2 TYPES OF PORTABLE PRODUCTS 23
TABLE 3 IMPORTANT PORTABLE PRODUCT CONCEPTS 24
TABLE 3 (CONTINUED) 25
TABLE 4 PORTABLE FUEL CELL MARKET DRIVERS 26
TABLE 5 PORTABLE FUEL CELL MARKET FACTORS 27
Stationary Market Sector Market Drivers and Market Factors 27
Uninterruptible Power Supplies 27
Combined Heat and Power 28
Utility Load Leveling 28
Utility … (continued) 29
Stationary Market Drivers 30
TABLE 6 STATIONARY FUEL CELL MARKET DRIVERS 30
TABLE 7 STATIONARY FUEL CELL MARKET FACTORS 31
Transportation Market Sector Market Drivers and Market Factors 31
TABLE 8 TRANSPORTATION FUEL CELL MARKET DRIVERS 32
TABLE 9 TRANSPORTATION FUEL CELL MARKET FACTORS 32
"Other" Market Sector Market Drivers and Market Factors 32
Portable Military Products 33
TABLE 10 SELECTED PORTABLE BATTERY-POWERED MILITARY PRODUCT ROLES 33
Recreational Vehicles 33
Anti-Idling Power 34
"Other" Market Drivers 35
TABLE 11 "OTHER" FUEL CELL MARKET DRIVERS 35
TABLE 12 "OTHER" FUEL CELL MARKET FACTORS 35
GLOBAL PEMFC MARKET FORECASTS 36
TABLE 13 GLOBAL PEMFC MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 36
FIGURE 3 GLOBAL PEMFC MARKET BY APPLICATION, 2010 ($ MILLIONS) 36
TABLE 14 GLOBAL PEMFC MARKET BY REGION, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 37
FIGURE 4 GLOBAL PEMFC MARKET BY REGION, 2010 ($ MILLIONS) 37
Optimistic and Pessimistic Scenarios 37
Optimistic and Pessimistic … (Continued) 38
Optimistic and Pessimistic … (Continued) 39
TABLE 15 GLOBAL PEMFC MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 40
TABLE 15 (CONTINUED) 41
Chapter-4: MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLIES
MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY BACKGROUND 42
FIGURE 5 SCHEMATIC SIMPLE MEA 43
PERFORMANCE GOALS FOR MEAS 44
TABLE 16 FUEL CELL MEA PERFORMANCE GOALS 45
MEA FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY 45
FIGURE 6 SCHEMATIC FOR CONCEPTUAL MEA CREATION 46
MEA FABRICATION AND ASSEMBLY (CONTINUED) 47
MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY FUNCTIONAL STACK DESIGNS 48
ELECTROCHEMISTRY 48
WATER MANAGEMENT 49
ANCILLARY FACTORS 50
MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES 51
3M Innovative Properties Co. Approach 51
DuPont Approach 52
GM Approach 53
Hoku Scientific Approach 53
PEMEAS/E-Tek Approach 53
Palcan Power Systems Approach 54
ReliOn/Avista Approach 54
Gore Approach 55
Other Approaches 56
CARBON CORROSION AND GRAPHITES 56
Carbon Corrosion and Graphites (Continued) 57
Asbury Graphite Mills Approach 58
Crystal Graphite Approach 58
Timcal Synthetic Graphite Approach 58
DIRECT METHANOL FUEL CELL MEA APPROACHES 58
Gillette Co. 58
Sony Corp. 59
Los Alamos National Laboratory 59
California Institute of Technology 60
University Of Connecticut 60
Direct Methanol Fuel Cell Corp. 60
Direct Methanol … (Continued) 61
Gore DMFC 62
Maxdem Technologies 63
Russian Academy of Sciences 63
Ube Industries, Ltd. 63
Sumitomo Metal Approach 64
Oorja Approach 64
Oorja Approach (Continued) 65
Oorja Approach (Continued) 66
Panasonic Approach 67
TABLE 17 PANASONIC DMFC SPECIFICATIONS 68
University of Dayton Approach 68
Arizona State University 69
Rice University Approach 70
Drexel University Approach 71
GLOBAL MEA COMPONENT FOR PEMFCS STRUCTURE AND FORECAST 72
MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY INDUSTRY STRUCTURE 72
TABLE 18 ESTIMATED MEA COMPANY MARKET SHARES, 2010 (%) 73
BIPOLAR PLATE MARKET STRUCTURE 74
GAS DIFFUSION LAYERS AND CARBON STRUCTURE 74
INK AND CATALYST STRUCTURE 74
PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER: MEA MARKET FORECAST 75
TABLE 19 GLOBAL MEA COMPONENT MARKET, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 75
FIGURE 7 GLOBAL MEA MARKET SHARES, 2010 (%) 76
TABLE 20 GLOBAL MEA COMPONENT MARKET BY REGION, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 77
PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR FUEL CELLS 77
MEMBRANE BACKGROUND 77
Types of Membranes 77
Membrane Processes 78
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Membranes 78
WHAT MAKES A GOOD PEM FUEL CELL MEMBRANE? 79
PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE FUNCTIONAL FACTORS 79
Proton Exchange Membrane Functional … (Continued) 80
TABLE 21 MEMBRANE PARAMETER VARIABLES 81
PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE ELECTROLYTE COMPATIBILITY FACTORS 81
TABLE 22 PEM ELECTROLYTE ISSUES 82
MEMBRANE TEMPERATURE TOLERANCE FACTORS 82
High-Temperature Tolerance 82
TABLE 23 ADVANTAGES OF A HIGHER TEMPERATURE MEMBRANE FOR A PEM FUEL CELL 83
Freezing Temperature Tolerance 83
MEMBRANE WATER TOLERANCE FACTORS 84
FIGURE 8 WATER TRANSPORT IN A PEM FUEL CELL 85
Protonated Water Clusters 86
FUEL TOLERANCE FACTORS 86
FUEL CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE 87
MEMBRANE FABRICATION AND SYNTHESIS 88
TABLE 24 APPROACHES TO FUEL CELL IONOMER SYNTHESIS 89
TABLE 25 MEMBRANE FABRICATION TECHNIQUE 89
PHASE SEPARATION 90
CASTING SOLVENT 91
Ethylene Glycol as Solvent 91
IMPACT OF MEMBRANE THICKNESS 91
MEMBRANE FUNCTIONALIZATION 92
Membrane Pretreatment 93
MEMBRANE MATERIAL COMPOSITIONS 93
PERFLUORINATED POLYMER MEMBRANES 94
Perfluorocarbonsulfonic Acid Ionomers 95
Nafion PFSA Membranes 96
TABLE 26 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF NAFION PFSA MEMBRANES 97
Gore Select 98
TABLE 27 CONDUCTANCE COMPARISONS 99
Aciplex 100
Flemion 101
Polytetrafluoroethylene Durability Enhancement 101
BERKELEY LAB'S MATERIALS SCIENCES DIVISION AND UC BERKELEY'S DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING POLYMER MEMBRANE 102
Berkeley Lab's Materials Sciences …(Continued) 103
UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER THIN FILTER 104
POLYFUEL HYDROCARBON MEMBRANE 105
Polyfuel Hydrocarbon Membrane (Continued) 106
Polyfuel Hydrocarbon Membrane (Continued) 107
MIT AND THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA NANOCOMPOSITE MEMBRANE BARRIERS 108
TORAY INDUSTRIES HYDROCARBON MEMBRANE 109
AKRON POLYMER SYSTEMS APPROACH 110
DAYCHEM LABORATORIES APPROACH 110
JSR MULTILAYERED STRUCTURE 111
BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS BAM MEMBRANES 111
MODIFIED POLYSTYRENE SULFONATED MEMBRANES 112
VICTREX POLYETHER ETHER KETONE (PEEK) 113
HOKU SCIENTIFICS SEK MEMBRANE 114
UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY 115
TOSOH'S POLY(ARYLENE ETHER SULFONE) 115
SULFONATED POLY(ARYLENE ETHER) SULFONES 115
Sulfonated Poly(Arylene Ether) Sulfones (Continued) 116
TABLE 28 VIRGINIA TECH BPS MEMBRANE PROPERTIES COMPARED WITH NAFION 117 117
Functionalization and Direct Synthesis of Sulfonated Membranes 117
Reduced Electro-Osmotic Drag 118
Conductivity 119
ARGONNE NATIONAL LAB DENDRITIC SULFONATED POLYARYL ETHER 119
DAIS ANALYTIC SULFONATION OF STYRENE CONTAINING BLOCK COPOLYMERS 120
Ethylene Styrene Interpolymers 121
Polystyrene Sulfonic Acid/Polyvinyl Alcohol Blend 121
Gas Technology Institute Membrane 121
Sulfonated Perfluorocyclobutane 121
HETEROCYCLIC AND POLYBENIMIDIZOLE MEMBRANES 122
PEMEAS and Celtec 122
University of Texas Variations of PBI Membrane 123
Plug Power and DOE and PBI 123
Renssalaer's Chain-Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization 124
Samsung Polyimide Derivative 124
Other Modifications of PBI 125
SULFONATED POLYIMIDES 126
Tailored Imides 126
POLY(BISBENZOXAZOLE) [PBO] 127
UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS CO-POLYMERS 127
COMPOSITE MEMBRANES 128
Aciplex and Titanias 128
Inorganic-Organic Composite 129
Modified Siloxane (ORMOSIL) 130
Organic/Heteropolyacids and Nafion 130
Aniline and Perfluorosulfonic Acid Polymer 131
Random Fibers and Perfluorinated Membranes 131
Ionic Gel Fill 132
Zirconium Phosphonate Fill 132
Oxidation Resistant Carbon Supports 133
NOVEL AND EXPERIMENTAL PEM MATERIALS 133
BASF Polyurethane Elastomer 134
Georgia Tech Triazole Booster 134
Dow XUS 13204.1 134
Altergy Freedom Power 135
3M Acid Functional Fluoropolymers Membrane 135
Glass Membranes 136
Microcell Microfiber 137
Oak Ridge National Lab Metallized Bio-Cellulosics 137
University of Florida Intermediate-Temperature Proton-Conducting Membranes 138
MEMBRANE COMPANIES 139
TABLE 29 COMPANIES PRODUCING ION SELECTIVE MEMBRANES FOR PEM FUEL CELLS 140
TABLE 30 ESTIMATED PEMFC FLUOROPOLYMER MEMBRANE COMPANY MARKET SHARES, 2010 (%) 141
ASAHI GLASS CO., LTD. 141
ASAHI KASEI CHEMICALS CORP. 142
BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS 143
U.S. Headquarters 143
U.S. Headquarters (Continued) 144
DAIS ANALYTIC CORP. 145
DUPONT FUEL CELLS 145
DuPont Fuel Cells (Continued) 146
GINER ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS, LLC 147
GOLDEN ENERGY FUEL CELL CO., LTD. 148
GORE FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES 148
HOKU SCIENTIFIC, INC. 149
HYDROGENICS CORP. 150
IDATECH, LLC 151
JSR CORP. 152
MAXDEM, INC. (COMBRIDGE DISPLAY) 152
PLUG POWER 153
Plug Power (Continued) 154
POLYFUEL 155
RELION 155
TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC. 156
UNITED TECHNOLOGY CORP. FUEL CELLS 156
OTHERS 157
GLOBAL PEMFC MEMBRANE MARKET STRUCTURE AND FORECAST 158
PEM MEMBRANE MATERIALS MARKET SHARE 158
TABLE 31 PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANE MATERIAL BY TYPE, 2010 VERSUS 2015 (%) 158
PEM MEMBRANE MATERIALS VALUE 158
TABLE 32 GLOBAL PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR PEMFCS MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 159
TABLE 33 GLOBAL PROTON EXCHANGE MEMBRANES FOR PEMFCS MARKET BY REGION, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 159
Chapter-5: MEA, GASEOUS DIFFUSION LAYERS, AND BIPOLAR PLATES
GASEOUS DIFFUSION LAYERS 160
GASEOUS DIFFUSION LAYER BACKGROUND 160
ATTRIBUTES OF GAS DIFFUSION LAYERS 161
TABLE 34 ATTRIBUTES NEEDED FOR GAS DIFFUSION LAYER MATERIALS 162
GAS DIFFUSION LAYER MANUFACTURING 163
TABLE 35 PROS AND CONS OF GDL MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUES 163
Developments at GrafTech International 164
Developments at … (Continued) 165
Developments at Umicore AG 166
Developments at Ballard Material Products 167
Developments at Johnson Matthey 168
Developments at Lydall, Inc. 168
Developments at Mitsubishi Rayon 169
Developments at SGL Carbon Group 169
TABLE 36 TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF SIGRACET GAS DIFFUSION LAYER 170
Developments at Toray/Mitsui 170
Developments at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 171
Developments at Zoltek 172
Developments at Cabot and IRD Fuel cell 172
Other Developments 173
BIPOLAR PLATES 174
BIPOLAR PLATE BACKGROUND 174
BIPOLAR PLATE DESIGNS 175
TABLE 37 DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS FOR BIPOLAR PLATES 175
TABLE 38 MATERIAL TYPES FOR BIPOLAR PLATES 176
Corrosion Protection of Metallic Plates 176
Ballard Powers' Bipolar Metal Plate 176
Surface Modification 177
Tech-Etch Metal Plates 177
ECPower/Sorapec Approach 177
Entegris Approach 178
Generics Porous Plates Approach 178
T8 Series 179
IdaTech Layered Bipolar Plate Assembly 179
Use of Thermoplastic 180
Intelligent Energy's Proprietary Design 180
Nisshinbo Approach 181
PEM Plates Approach 182
Illinois Urbana-Champaign Fuel Cell Separator Plate Having Controlled Fiber Orientation 182
Plug Power Assembly 183
Porvair Approach 184
SGL Technologies Approach 184
TABLE 39 SGL BIPOLAR PLATE TYPICAL PROPERTIES 185
Bac2 ElectroPhen 185
Improved Gasket Approach 186
ACAL Platinum-free Cathode 187
ACAL Platinum-free … (Continued) 188
Federal-Mogul's Liquid Elastomer Molding 189
AEG Carbon Fiber-Elastomer Composite Bipolar Plates 189
myFC Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell FuelCellSticker 190
DMFC ANODE APPROACHES 191
Toshiba Approach 191
DuPont GEN IV Approach 192
Medis Conductive Polymer Approach 193
Generics CMR Approach 194
Energy Ventures Research Approach 194
PolyFuel Approach 195
Smart Fuel Cell Approach 195
MEA, GDL, AND BIPOLAR PLATE COMPANIES 196
10X MICROSTRUCTURES 196
3M 196
ASBURY GRAPHITE 197
BALLARD POWER SYSTEMS 197
DIXON TICONDEROGA CO. 197
DAIMLER 197
Mitsubishi Fuso 198
Orion Bus Industries (Daimler Buses North America) 198
Smart GmbH 198
Smart GmbH (Continued) 199
Smart GmbH (Continued) 200
DUPONT FUEL CELL 201
ELECTROCHEM, INC. 202
ENTEGRIS, INC. 203
GENERAL ELECTRIC 203
GENERAL MOTORS, CORP. 204
GORE FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES 205
GRAFTECH INTERNATIONAL, LTD. 206
HOKU SCIENTIFIC, INC. 207
Hoku Scientific, Inc. (Continued) 208
HYDROGENICS CORP. 209
HONDA 209
Honda U.S. Headquarters 209
HORIZON FUEL CELLS AND RIVERSIMPLE 210
Horizon Fuel Cells and Riversimple (Continued) 211
ICM PLASTICS 212
JOHNSON MATTHEY FUEL CELLS RESEARCH 212
Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells (USA) 213
LYNNTECH 213
MANHATTAN SCIENTIFICS, INC. 214
Research Headquarters 214
MATERIALS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL RESEARCH CORP. 214
MITSUBISHI RAYON CO., LTD. 215
MORGAN CRUCIBLE CO. 215
MORPHIC TECHNOLOGIES 215
NEDSTACK FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY 216
NISSHINBO INDUSTRIES, INC. 217
NUVERA FUEL CELLS 217
Nuvera Fuel Cells Europe 217
PALCAN FUEL CELLS, LTD. 217
PLUG POWER 218
PORVAIR FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGY 218
PROTONEX TECHNOLOGY CORP. 218
RELION/AVISTA LABS 219
SGL CARBON 219
SGL Technik 220
SHARP CORP. 220
SMART FUEL CELL AG (SFC) 221
Smart Fuel Cell AG (SFC) (Continued) 222
SPECTRACORP 223
SUMITOMO METALS 223
SUPERIOR GRAPHITE CO. 224
TIAX 224
TICONA 225
TIMCAL GRAPHITE & CARBON 225
TORAY INDUSTRIES, INC. 226
UNIDYM (ARROWHEAD RESEARCH CORP.) 226
UTC POWER 227
ZOLTEK MATERIALS GROUP 227
GLOBAL BIPOLAR PLATES AND GDLS FOR PEMFCS STRUCTURE FORECAST 227
TABLE 40 GLOBAL PEMFC BIPOLAR PLATE AND CARBON MARKET BY APPLICATION, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 228
FIGURE 9 GLOBAL PEMFC BIPOLAR PLATE AND CARBON MARKET BY APPLICATION, 2006-2015 ($ MILLIONS) 228
FIGURE 10 GLOBAL MARKET SHARES OF PEMFC BIPOLAR PLATE AND CARBON BY TYPE, 2010 (%) 229
TABLE 41 GLOBAL PEMFC BIPOLAR PLATE AND CARBON MARKET BY REGION, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 229
Chapter-6: CATALYSTS AND INKS
BACKGROUND 230
CATALYST DURABILITY 230
CATALYST PARTICLE SIZE 231
CATALYST COATED MEMBRANES 231
DuPont Approach 232
PolyFuel Approach 233
Aerogel Composite Approach 233
FIGURE 11 PREPARATION OF CARBON AEROGEL SUPPORTED PLATINUM 234
GS Carbon Approach 234
GS Carbon Approach (Continued) 235
Ramot University Approach 236
LOW CATALYST LOADING APPROACHES 236
Ballard Approach 236
COMBINATORIAL CATALYST TECHNIQUES 237
INNOVATIVE MATERIALS AND NANOMATERIALS 237
Platinum Alloys 238
Anode Durability 239
Nanoparticles 240
Kyoto University 240
Hong Kong University of Science and Technology 240
Los Alamos National Laboratory and Brookhaven National Laboratory 240
Brown University 241
Brookhaven National Laboratory 242
University of Central Florida 243
Cornell University 244
Georgia Tech and Xiamen University 245
Georgia Tech … (Continued) 246
MIT Researchers Take First Atomic-Scale Compositional Images of Fuel Cell Nanoparticles 247
Nanofibers 248
Nanofibers (Continued) 249
Nanolevel Platinum/Carbon Electrocatalyst for Cathode 250
University of Wisconsin-Madison Nanoparticle Catalyst 250
University of Houston Lattice-Strained Core-Shell Nanoparticle Catalyst 251
Acta Base Metal Cathode Catalyst 252
Lawrence Berkeley and Argonne National Laboratories Alloy 253
Lawrence Berkeley …(Continued) 254
Lawrence Berkeley …(Continued) 255
Lawrence Berkeley …(Continued) 256
Nanowires 257
University of Rochester Sizing Nanowires 257
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Nanophase Nickel-Zirconium Alloy Approach 258
University of Texas at Austin Palladium-Based Alloy Catalysts 259
TIAX, LLC Nanostructured Thin Film Catalysts 260
TIAX, LLC … (Continued) 261
FIGURE 12 PROJECTED COST AT HIGH VOLUME MANUFACTURING (%) 262
TABLE 42 PERFORMANCE AND COST SUMMARY 263
SDK High-Efficiency Catalysts Platinum Substitute for PEFCs 264
Washington University in St. Louis Bimetallic Fuel Cell Catalyst 265
Simple Tech Heterogeneous Catalysis Technology 266
Brown University Platinum Nanocubes 267
Johnson Matthey Fuel Cells, Ltd. and the NECLASS Project 268
University of Rochester "Black Metal" Approach 268
Transition Metal Nanosized Catalysts 269
Texas Tech University Platinum Nanodots 270
CATALYST INK COMPOSITIONS 270
APPLIED RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT ISRAEL FORMULATION 271
OTHER CATALYST INK FORMULATIONS 271
SW Research and Gore Approach 271
UTC Fuel Cells Approach 272
Jet Propulsion Laboratory Approach 272
Angstron Materials Graphene 272
Northwestern University and the McCormick School of Engineering and Applied Science Graphene Films 273
Samsung Electronics Approach 274
CARBON COMPOSITE ELECTROCATALYST POWDERS 274
CABOT APPROACH 275
ASYMTEK JET DISPENSING APPROACH 276
CATALYST AND INK COMPANIES 277
ACTA SPA 277
ALFA AESAR-JOHNSON MATTHEY CO. 277
Johnson Matthey Co. 278
ANGLO PLATINUM 279
AQUARIUS PLATINUM PTY, LTD. 280
BASF CORP. 280
BASF Corp. (Continued) 281
BASF Corp. (Continued) 282
IMPALA PLATINUM HOLDING, LTD. (IMPLATS) 283
Impala Platinum Holding (U.K.) 283
LONMIN PLATINUM, PLC 283
Lonmin South Africa 284
NORILSK NICKEL 284
Stillwater Mining 284
OM GROUP, INC. 285
QUANTUMSPHERE, INC. 286
STILLWATER 287
TANAKA PRECIOUS METALS 287
GLOBAL PEMFCS CATALYST AND INK STRUCTURE AND FORECAST 287
PLATINUM MARKETS AND CONSUMPTION 288
TABLE 43 WORLD MINE PRODUCTION AND RESERVES: MINE PRODUCTION PGMS (KG) 289
TABLE 44 WORLD PLATINUM DEMAND (THOUSAND OZS) 289
PALLADIUM MARKETS AND CONSUMPTION 290
Palladium Markets and Consumption (Continued) 291
CATALYST AND INK VALUE 292
TABLE 45 GLOBAL PEMFC CATALYST AND INK MARKET, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 292
FIGURE 13 GLOBAL PEMFC CATALYST AND INK MARKET, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 293
TABLE 46 GLOBAL PEMFC CATALYST AND INK MARKET BY REGION, THROUGH 2015 ($ MILLIONS) 293
Chapter-7: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE ASPECTS
INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENT AND TRADE PRACTICES 294
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 295
Environmental Issues (Continued) 296
PEMFC REGULATORY ISSUES AND GOVERNMENT INVOLVEMENT 297
U.S. DOE Direct PEM Fuel Cell Funding 297
Topic 1 Alternative Electrode Deposition Processes 297
Topic 2 Novel MEA Manufacturing 297
Topic 3 Rapid MEA Conditioning 298
Topic 4 Process Modeling for Fuel Cell Stacks 298
Topic 5 Process and Device for Cost Effective Testing of Cell Stacks 299
Topic 6 Manufacturing Technologies for Reducing the Cost of High-Pressure Composite Conformable Tanks 299
U.S. Federal Fuel Cell Vehicle Funding 300
U.S. Federal … (Continued) 301
U.S. Federal … (Continued) 302
U.S. Federal … (Continued) 303
Overall U.S. Federal Fuel Cell Funding 304
TABLE 47 2010 BUDGET HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES FUNDING PROFILE BY SUBPROGRAM ($ THOUSANDS) 304
TABLE 47 (CONTINUED) 305
Overall U.S. Federal … (Continued) 306
U.S. Fuel Cell Council Analysis of Funding Priorities 307
U.S. Fuel Cell … (Continued) 308
Office of Science 309
National Hydrogen Association 310
National Science Foundation 310
Department of Defense 311
Army Research Laboratory 311
USAF Research Laboratory 311
Naval Research Laboratory 312
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 312
Jet Propulsion Laboratory 312
Global Incentives and Research Efforts 313
ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS' INVOLVEMENT IN FUEL CELL DEVELOPMENT 314
TABLE 48 MAJOR INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH INTO PEM FUEL CELLS 314
MEA DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS 315
INDUSTRY PURCHASING INFLUENCES AND PRICES 315
INDUSTRY PURCHASING INFLUENCES … (CONTINUED) 316
INDUSTRY PURCHASING INFLUENCES … (CONTINUED) 317
TABLE 49 HISTORIC PLATINUM PRICES (DOLLARS PER TR OZ) 318
TABLE 50 HISTORIC PALLADIUM PRICES (DOLLARS PER TR OZ) 318
LIFE-CYCLE COSTS 319
To order this report:
Energy technology Industry: Materials for Proton Exchange Membranes and Membrane Electrode Assemblies for PEM Fuel Cells
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