Reportlinker Adds Nanobiotechnologies- Applications, Markets and Companies
NEW YORK, June 3 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:
Nanobiotechnologies- applications, markets and companies
http://www.reportlinker.com/p0203545/Nanobiotechnologies--applications-markets-and-companies.html
Summary
Nanotechnology is the creation and utilization of materials, devices, and systems through the control of matter on the nanometer-length scale (a nanometer is one billionth of a meter. Nanobiotechnology, an integration of physical sciences, molecular engineering, biology, chemistry and biotechnology holds considerable promise of advances in pharmaceuticals and healthcare. The report starts with an introduction to various techniques and materials that are relevant to nanobiotechnology. It includes some of the physical forms of energy such as nanolasers. Some of the technologies are scaling down such as microfluidics to nanofluidic biochips and others are constructions from bottom up. Application in life sciences research, particularly at the cell level sets the stage for role of nanobiotechnology in healthcare in subsequent chapters.
Some of the earliest applications are in molecular diagnostics. Nanoparticles, particularly quantum dots, are playing important roles. In vitro diagnostics, does not have any of the safety concerns associated with the fate of nanoparticles introduced into the human body. Numerous nanodevices and nanosystems for sequencing single molecules of DNA are feasible. Various nanodiagnostics that have been reviewed will improve the sensitivity and extend the present limits of molecular diagnostics.
An increasing use of nanobiotechnology by the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries is anticipated. Nanotechnology will be applied at all stages of drug development - from formulations for optimal delivery to diagnostic applications in clinical trials. Many of the assays based on nanobiotechnology will enable high-throughput screening. Some of nanostructures such as fullerenes are themselves drug candidates as they allow precise grafting of active chemical groups in three-dimensional orientations. The most important pharmaceutical applications are in drug delivery. Apart from offering a solution to solubility problems, nanobiotechnology provides and intracellular delivery possibilities. Skin penetration is improved in transdermal drug delivery. A particularly effective application is as nonviral gene therapy vectors. Nanotechnology has the potential to provide controlled release devices with autonomous operation guided by the needs.
Nanomedicine is now within the realm of reality starting with nanodiagnostics and drug delivery facilitated by nanobiotechnology. Miniature devices such as nanorobots could carry out integrated diagnosis and therapy by refined and minimally invasive procedures, nanosurgery, as an alternative to crude surgery. Nanotechnology will markedly improve the implants and tissue engineering approaches as well.
There is some concern about the safety of nanoparticles introduced in the human body and released into the environment. Research is underway to address these issues. As yet there are no FDA directives to regulate nanobiotechnology but as products are ready to enter market, these are expected to be in place.
Future nanobiotechnology markets are calculated on the basis of the background markets in the areas of application and the share of this market by new technologies and state of development at any given year in the future. This is based on a comprehensive and thorough review of the current status of nanobiotechnology, research work in progress and anticipated progress. There is definite indication of large growth of the market but it will be uneven and cannot be plotted as a steady growth curve. Marketing estimates are given according to areas of application, technologies and geographical distribution starting with 2009. The largest expansion is expected between the years 2014 and 2019.
Profiles of 243 companies, out of over 500 involved in this area, are included in the last chapter along with their 188 collaborations. The report is supplemented with 41 Tables, 21 figures and 700 references to the literature.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
0. Executive Summary 19
1. Basics of Nanobiotechnology 21
Introduction 21
Classification of nanobiotechnologies 22
Top-down and bottom-up approaches 23
Landmarks in the evolution of nanobiotechnology 23
Relation of nanobiotechnology to healthcare 24
2. Technologies 27
Introduction 27
Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems 27
BioMEMS 27
Microarrays and nanoarrays 28
Dip Pen Nanolithography for nanoarrays 28
Protein nanoarrays 29
Microfluidics and nanofluidics 30
Nanotechnology on a chip 30
Microfluidic chips for nanoliter volumes 31
Nanogen's NanoChip 32
Use of nanotechnology in microfluidics 33
Construction of nanofluidic channels 33
Nanoscale flow visualization 34
Moving (levitation) of nanofluidic drops with physical forces 34
Electrochemical nanofluid injection 34
Nanofluidics on nanopatterned surfaces 35
Nano-interface in a microfluidic chip 35
Nanofluidic channels for study of DNA 35
Visualization and manipulation on nanoscale 36
4Pi microscope 36
Atomic force microscopy 36
Basic AFM operation 36
Advantages of AFM 36
Force sensing Integrated Readout and Active Tip 37
Cantilever technology 37
CytoViva® Microscope System 39
Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer 39
Magnetic resonance force microscopy and nanoscale MRI 39
Multiple single-molecule fluorescence microscopy 40
Near-field scanning optical microscopy 40
Nano-sized light source for single cell endoscopy 40
Nanoparticle characterization by Halo? LM10 technology 41
Nanoscale scanning electron microscopy 42
Use of SEM to reconstruct 3D tissue nanostructure 42
Optical Imaging with a Silver Superlens 42
Photoactivated localization microscopy 43
Scanning probe microscopy 43
Partial wave spectroscopy 44
Ultra-nanocrystalline diamond 44
Visualizing atoms with high-resolution transmission electron microscopy 45
Companies that provide microscopes for nanobiotechnology 45
Surface plasmon resonance 46
Nanoparticles 46
Types of nanoparticles 47
Fluorescent nanoparticles 47
Gold nanoparticles 47
Lipoparticles 47
Paramagnetic and superparamagnetic nanoparticles 48
Quantum dots 48
Silica nanoparticles 50
Assembly of nanoparticles into micelles 50
Biomedical applications of self-assembly of nanoparticles 50
Production techniques for nanoparticles 51
Nanostructures 52
Bacterial structures relevant to nanobiotechnology 52
Bacterial spores 52
Nanostructures based on bacterial cell surface layers 53
Bacterial magnetic particles 53
Cubosomes 54
Dendrimers 54
Properties 55
Applications 55
DNA-nanoparticle conjugates 56
DNA octahedron 56
Potential applications 57
Fullerenes 57
Nanoshells 57
Nanotubes 58
Carbon nanotubes 58
Carbon nanotubes and DNA 59
Applications of nanotubes 59
NanoBuds 60
Nanowires 60
Nanostamping 61
Nanoneedles 61
Nanopores 61
Nanoporous silica aerogel 62
Nanostructured silicon 63
Networks of gold nanoparticles and bacteriophage 63
Polymer nanofibers 63
Protein-nanoparticle combination 64
Nanomaterials for biolabeling 64
DNA Nanotags 66
Fluorescent lanthanide nanorods 66
Magnetic nanotags 66
Molecular computational identification 67
Nanophosphor labels 67
Organic nanoparticles as biolabels 68
Quantum dots as labels 68
SERS nanotags 69
Silica nanoparticles for labeling antibodies 69
Silver nanoparticle labels 69
Companies providing services and products for nanobiotechnology 70
3. Applications in Life Sciences 71
Introduction 71
Nanotechnology and biology 71
NanoSystems Biology 71
Nanobiology and the cell 72
Biosensing of cellular responses 73
Control of T cell signaling activity 73
Measuring mass of single cells 74
Nanostructures involved in endocytosis 74
Nanotechnology-based live-cell single molecule assays 74
Quantum dots for cell labeling 75
Quantum dots for study of apoptosis 75
Single cell injection by nanolasers 75
Study of complex biological systems 76
Molecular motors 76
Nanomotor made of nucleic acids 78
phi29 DNA packaging nanomotor 78
Light-activated ion channel molecular machines 79
Application of AFM for biomolecular imaging 79
Future insights into biomolecular processes by AFM 80
4Pi microscopy to study DNA double-strand breaks 80
Multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry 81
Applications of biomolecular computing in life sciences 81
Molecular electronics 82
Microbial nanomaterials 82
Use of bacteria to construct nanomachines 82
Bacteriophage nanoshells 83
Natural nanocomposites 83
Nanotechnology in biological research 83
Nanoparticles for biological research 84
Disguising quantum dots as proteins for cell entry 84
Molecular biology and nanotechnology 85
Structural DNA nanotechnology 85
Reversibly binding of gold nanospheres to DNA strands 86
RNA nanotechnology 87
Genetically engineered proteins for nanobiotechnology 87
Single molecule studies 88
Optical trapping and single-molecule fluorescence 88
3D single-molecular imaging by coherent X-ray diffraction imaging 88
Studying the molecular mechanisms of enzymes 88
Nanochemistry 89
Nanoscale pH Meter 89
Application of nanolasers in life sciences 89
Nanomanipulation 90
Nanomanipulation by combination of AFM and other devices 90
Surgery on living cells using AFM with nanoneedles 91
Optoelectronic tweezers 91
Optical manipulation of nanoparticles 92
Manipulation of DNA sequence by use of nanoparticles as laser light antennas 92
Nanomanipulation of single molecule 92
Fluorescence-force spectroscopy 93
Nanomanipulation for study of mechanism of anticancer drugs 93
Nanotechnology in genomic research 93
Nanotechnology for separation of DNA fragments 93
Nanostructured devices for controlled gene expression 94
Nanotechnology-based DNA sequencing 94
Single-molecule detection of DNA hybridization 94
Role of nanobiotechnology in identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms 95
Nanobiotechnology for study of mitochondria 95
Nanomaterials for the study of mitochondria 95
Study of mitochondria with nanolaser spectroscopy 96
Role of nanotechnology in proteomics research 96
Study of proteins by atomic force microscopy 96
Single cell nanoprobe for studying gene expression of individual cells 97
Nanoproteomics 97
Dynamic reassembly of peptides 97
High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility mass spectrometry 98
Multi Photon Detection 98
Nanoflow liquid chromatography 98
Nanoproteomics for study of misfolded proteins 99
Nanotube electronic biosensor for proteomics 99
Nanometer photomasks from bacterial protein 99
Protein nanocrystallography 100
QD-protein bioconjugate nanoassembly 100
Proteomics at single molecule level 101
Study of protein synthesis and single-molecule processes 101
Protein expression in individual cells at the single molecule level 102
Single-molecule mass spectrometry using nanotechnology 102
Biochips for nanoscale proteomics 103
Protein biochips based on fluorescence planar wave guide technology 103
Nanofilter array chip 103
Role of nanotechnology in study of membrane proteins 104
Nanoparticles for study of membrane proteins 104
Study of single protein interaction with cell membrane 104
Quantum dots to label cell surface proteins 104
Study of single membrane proteins at subnanometer resolution 105
Nanoparticle-protein interactions 105
Protein engineering on nanoscale 105
Nanowires for protein engineering 105
A nanoscale mechanism for protein engineering 106
Role of nanoparticles in self-assembly of proteins 106
Role of nanotechnology in peptide engineering 106
Manipulating redox systems for nanotechnology. 107
Self-assembling peptide scaffold technology for 3-D cell culture 107
Nanobiotechnology and ion channels 108
Aquaporin water channels 108
Role of nanobiotechnology in engineering ion channels 109
Application of nanobiotechnology in molecular electronics 110
Nanotechnology and bioinformatics 110
3D nano-map of synapse 111
Companies providing nanotechnology for life sciences research 111
4. Nanomolecular Diagnostics 113
Introduction 113
Nanodiagnostics 113
Rationale of nanotechnology for molecular diagnostics 114
Nanoarrays for molecular diagnostics 115
NanoPro™ System 115
Nanofluidic/nanoarray devices to detect a single molecule of DNA 115
Self-assembling protein nanoarrays 116
Fullerene photodetectors for chemiluminescence detection on microfluidic chip 116
Nanofountain AFM probe 116
AFM for immobilization of biomolecules in high-density microarrays 117
Protein microarray for detection of molecules with nanoparticles 117
Protein nanobiochip 117
Nanoparticles for molecular diagnostics 118
Gold nanoparticles 118
Quantum dots for molecular diagnostics 118
Quantum dots for detection of pathogenic microorganisms 119
Bioconjugated QDs for multiplexed profiling of biomarkers 119
Imaging of living tissue with quantum dots 120
Magnetic nanoparticles 120
Magnetic nanoparticles for bioscreening 120
Superparamagnetic nanoparticles for cell tracking 121
Monitoring of implanted NSCs labeled with nanoparticles 121
Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles to track therapeutic cells in vivo 121
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for calcium sensing 122
Magnetic nanoparticles for labeling molecules 122
Ferrofluids 122
Super conducting quantum interference device 123
Study of living cells by superparamagnetic nanoparticles 123
Use of nanocrystals in immunohistochemistry 123
Imaging applications of nanoparticles 124
Dendritic nanoprobes for imaging of angiogenesis 124
Gadolinium-loaded dendrimer nanoparticles for tumor-specific MRI 124
Gadonanotubes for MRI 125
Gold nanorods and nanoparticles as imaging agents 125
In vivo imaging using nanoparticles 125
Manganese oxide nanoparticles as contrast agent for brain MRI 126
Nanoparticles vs microparticles for cellular imaging 126
Nanoparticles as contrast agent for MRI 126
Quantum dots for biological imaging 127
Superparamagnetic nanoparticles combined with MRI 127
Concluding remarks and future prospects of nanoparticles for imaging 128
Study of chromosomes by atomic force microscopy 128
Applications of nanopore technology for molecular diagnostics 129
Nanopore technology for detection of single DNA molecules 129
Nanocytometry 129
Simultaneous detection of DNA and proteins 130
DNA-protein and -nanoparticle conjugates 130
Resonance Light Scattering technology 131
DNA nanomachines for molecular diagnostics 132
Nanobarcodes technology 132
Nanobarcode particle technology for SNP genotyping 132
Qdot nanobarcode for multiplexed gene expression profiling 133
Biobarcode assay for proteins 133
Single-molecule barcoding system for DNA analysis 135
Nanoparticle-based colorimetric DNA detection method 135
SNP genotyping with gold nanoparticle probes 136
Nanoparticle-based Up-converting Phosphor Technology 136
Surface-Enhanced Resonant Raman Spectroscopy 136
Near-infrared (NIR)-emissive polymersomes 137
Nanobiotechnology for detection of proteins 138
Captamers with proximity extension assay for proteins 138
Nanobiosensors 138
Cantilevers as biosensors for molecular diagnostics 138
Advantages of cantilever technology for molecular recognition 139
Antibody-coated nanocantilevers for detection of microorganisms 140
Cantilevers for direct detection of active genes 140
Portable nanocantilever system for diagnosis 141
Carbon nanotube biosensors 141
Carbon nanotube sensors coated with ssDNA and electronic readout 141
Carbon nanotubes sensors wrapped with DNA and optical detection 142
FRET-based DNA nanosensor 142
Ion Channel Switch biosensor technology 143
Electronic nanobiosensors 143
Electrochemical nanobiosensor 144
Metallic nanobiosensors 144
Quartz nanobalance biosensor 144
Viral nanosensor 145
PEBBLE nanosensors 145
Detection of cocaine molecules by nanoparticle-labeled aptasensors 145
Nanosensors for glucose monitoring 145
Microneedle-mounted biosensor 146
Optical biosensors 146
Laser nanosensors 146
Nanoshell biosensors 147
Plasmonics and SERS nanoprobes 147
Novel optical mRNA biosensor 148
Optonanogen biosensor 148
Surface plasmon resonance technology 149
Surface Enhanced Micro-optical Fluidic Systems 150
Nanoparticle-enhanced sensitivity of fluorescence-based biosensors 150
Nanowire biosensors 150
Nanowire biosensors for detection of single viruses 151
Nanowires for detection of genetic disorders 151
Nanowires biosensor for detecting biowarfare agents 152
Concluding remarks and future prospects of nanowire biosensors 152
Nanoscale erasable biodetectors 152
Future issues in the development of nanobiosensors 153
Applications of nanodiagnostics 154
Nanotechnology for detection of biomarkers 154
Nanotechnology for genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms 155
Nanoparticles for detecting SNPs 155
Nanopores for detecting SNPs 155
Nanobiotechnologies for single molecule detection 156
Protease-activated quantum dot probes 157
Labeling of MSCs with QDs 157
Nanotechnology for detection of cancer 157
Dendrimers for sensing cancer cell apoptosis 158
Detection of circulating cancer cells 158
Differentiation between normal and cancer cells by nanosensors 158
Gold nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis 159
Gold nanorods for detection of metastatic tumor cells 159
Implanted magnetic sensing for cancer 160
Nanoatomic tubes for detection of cancer proteins 160
Nanobiochip sensor technique for analysis of oral cancer biomarkers 161
Nanodots for tracking apoptosis in cancer 161
Nanolaser spectroscopy for detection of cancer in single cells 161
Nanoparticles designed for dual-mode imaging of cancer 162
Nanoparticles for the optical imaging of tumors 162
Nanotechnology-based single molecule assays for cancer 162
QDs for detection of tumors 163
QD-based test for DNA methylation 163
Nanotechnology for point-of-care diagnostics 164
Nanotechnology-based biochips for POC diagnosis 164
Nanoprobes for POC diagnosis 164
Carbon nanotube transistors for genetic screening 165
POC monitoring of vital signs with nanobiosensors 165
Detection of viruses 166
Cantilever beams for detection of single virus particles 166
Carbon nanotubes as biosensors for viruses 166
Electric fields for accelerating detection of viruses 166
QD fluorescent probes for detection of respiratory viral infections 167
Verigene SP Respiratory Virus Assay 168
Surface enhanced Raman scattering for detection of viruses 168
Detection of bacteria 169
QDs for detection of bacterial infections 169
SEnsing of Phage-Triggered Ion Cascade for detection of bacteria 169
Nanodiagnostics for the battle field and biodefense 170
An integrated nanobiosensor 170
Nanodiagnostics for integrating diagnostics with therapeutics 171
Companies involved in nanomolecular diagnostics 171
Concluding remarks about nanodiagnostics 174
Future prospects of nanodiagnostics 174
5. Nanobiotechnology in Drug Discovery & Development 177
Introduction 177
Nanobiotechnology for drug discovery 177
Nanofluidic devices for drug discovery 178
Gold nanoparticles for drug discovery 179
Tracking drug molecules in cells 179
SPR with colloidal gold particles 179
Use of quantum dots for drug discovery 179
Advantages of the use of QDs for drug discovery 179
Drawbacks of the use of QDs for drug discovery 180
Quantum dot for imaging drug receptors in the brain 180
Ligand-conjugated nanocrystals 181
Lipoparticles for drug discovery 181
Biosensor for drug discovery with Lipoparticles 181
Magnetic nanoparticles assays 182
Micelles for drug discovery 182
Nanolasers for drug discovery 182
Analysis of small molecule-protein interactions by nanowire biosensors 183
Cells targeting by nanoparticles with attached small molecules 183
Role of AFM for study of biomolecular interactions for drug discovery 183
Nanoscale devices for drug discovery 184
Nanotechnology enables drug design at cellular level 184
Nanobiotechnology-based drug development 185
Dendrimers as drugs 185
Fullerenes as drug candidates 185
Nanobodies 187
Role of nanobiotechnology in the future of drug discovery 188
Companies using nanobiotechnology for drug discovery 188
6. Nanobiotechnology in Drug Delivery 191
Introduction 191
Micronization versus nanonization for drug delivery 191
Nanoscale devices delivery of therapeutics 191
Nanobiotechnology solutions to the problems of drug delivery 191
Nanosuspension formulations 192
Nanotechnology for solubilization of water-insoluble drugs 193
Improved absorption of drugs in nanoparticulate form 193
Interaction of nanoparticles with human blood 193
Ideal properties of material for drug delivery 193
Nanomaterials and nanobiotechnologies used for drug delivery 194
Viruses as nanomaterials for drug delivery 195
Bacteria-mediated delivery of nanoparticles and drugs into cells 195
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery 196
Calcium phosphate nanoparticles 196
Cationic nanoparticles 197
Ceramic nanoparticles 197
Cyclodextrin nanoparticles for drug delivery 197
Dendrimers for drug delivery 198
DNA-assembled dendrimers for drug delivery 198
Fulleres for drug delivery 199
Amphiphilic fullerene derivatives 199
Fullerene conjugate for intracellular delivery of peptides 199
Gold nanoparticles as drug carriers 199
Layered double hydroxide nanoparticles 199
Nanocomposite membranes for magnetically triggered drug delivery 200
Nanocrystals 200
Nanocrystalline silver 200
Elan's NanoCrystal technology 201
Eurand's Biorise system 201
Nanodiamonds 202
Polymer nanoparticles 203
Biodegradable PEG nanoparticles for penetrating the mucus barrier 203
PLGA-based nanodelivery technologies 203
Polymeric micelles 204
Chitosan nanoparticles 204
QDs for drug delivery 205
Special procedures in nanoparticle-based drug delivery 206
Coated nanoparticles for penetrating cell membranes without damage 206
Drug delivery using "Particle Replication in Nonwetting Templates" 206
Encapsulating water-insoluble drugs in nanoparticles 206
Filomicelles vs spherical nanoparticles for drug delivery 207
Flash NanoPrecipitation 207
Magnetic nanoparticles for drug delivery 208
Nanoparticles bound together in spherical shapes 208
Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles for imaging and targeted drug-delivery 209
Prolonging circulation of nanoparticles by attachment to RBCs 209
Self-assembling nanoparticles for intracellular drug delivery 210
Trojan nanoparticles 210
Therapeutic protein delivery from nanoparticle-protein complexes 211
Liposomes 211
Basics of liposomes 211
Stabilization of phospholipid liposomes using nanoparticles 212
Lipid nanoparticles 212
Polymerized Liposomal Nanoparticle 213
Applications of lipid nanoparticles 213
Limitations of liposomes for drug delivery 213
Lipid nanocapsules 213
Lipid emulsions with nanoparticles 214
Nanostructured organogels 215
Liposomes incorporating fullerenes 215
Arsonoliposomes 215
Liposome-nanoparticle hybrids 216
Nanogels 216
Nanogel-liposome combination 216
Nanospheres 217
Nanosphere protein cages 217
Nanovesicle technology for delivery of peptides 217
Nanotubes 217
Carbon nanotubes for drug delivery 218
Lipid-protein nanotubes for drug delivery 218
Halloysite nanotubes for drug delivery 219
Nanocochleates 220
Nanobiotechnology and drug delivery devices 221
Coating of implants by ultrafine layers of polymers 221
Nano-encapsulation 221
Polymer nanocontainers 222
Nanotechnology-based device for insulin delivery 222
Mirocontainer delivery systems for cell therapy 223
Nanoporous materials for drug delivery devices 223
Nanopore membrane in implantable titanium drug delivery device 223
Measuring the permeability of nanomembranes 224
Nanovalves for drug delivery 224
Nanochips for drug delivery 224
Nanobiotechnology for vaccine delivery 225
Bacterial spores for delivery of vaccines 225
Nanoparticles for DNA vaccines 225
Nanospheres for controlled release of viral antigens 225
Proteosomes™ as vaccine delivery vehicles 226
Targeted Synthetic Vaccine Particle (tSVP™) technology 226
Nanobiotechnology for antisense drug delivery 226
Antisense nanoparticles 226
Dendrimers for antisense drug delivery 227
Polymer nanoparticles for antisense delivery system 227
Nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery 228
Chitosan-coated nanoparticles for siRNA delivery 228
Delivery of gold nanorod-siRNA nanoplex to dopaminergic neurons 228
Polymer-based nanoparticles for siRNA delivery 228
Polyethylenimine nanoparticles for siRNA delivery 228
siRNA-PEG nanoparticle-based delivery 229
Polycation-based nanoparticles for siRNA delivery 229
Calando's technology for targeted delivery of anticancer siRNA 230
Quantum dots to monitor RNAi delivery 230
Nanobiotechnology for gene therapy 231
Nanoparticle-mediated gene therapy 231
Calcium phosphate nanoparticles as nonviral vectors 232
Carbonate apatite nanoparticles for gene delivery 232
Gelatin nanoparticles for gene delivery 233
Immunolipoplex for delivery of p53 gene 233
Lipid nanoparticles for targeted delivery of nucleic acids 234
Nanoparticles for imaging and intracellular delivery of nucleic acids 234
Nanoparticles as nonviral vectors for CNS gene therapy 234
Nanoparticles linked to viral vectors for photothermal therapy 235
Nanoparticles for p53 gene therapy of cancer 235
Nanoparticles with virus-like function as gene therapy vectors 236
Silica nanoparticles for gene delivery 236
Targeted nanoparticle-DNA delivery to the cardiovascular system 236
Dendrimers for gene transfer 237
DNA-PEG complexes as nanoparticles 238
Compacted DNA nanoparticles 238
Cochleate-mediated DNA delivery 238
Nanorod gene therapy 239
Nanodel? gene vector 239
Nanomagnets for targeted cell-based cancer gene therapy 240
NanoNeedles for delivery of genetic material into cells 240
Nanomachines for gene delivery 240
Application of pulsed magnetic field and superparamagnetic nanoparticles 240
Nanocomposites for gene therapy 241
Nonionic polymeric micelles for oral gene delivery 241
Nanocarriers for simultaneous delivery of anticancer drugs and DNA 241
Delivery of siRNA by nanosize liposomes 242
Nanobiotechnology-based drug delivery in cancer 242
Nanoparticle formulations for drug delivery in cancer 243
Anticancer drug particles incorporated in liposomes 244
Encapsulating drugs in hydrogel nanoparticles 245
Exosomes 246
Folate-linked nanoparticles 246
Iron oxide nanoparticles 247
Lipid based nanocarriers 247
Micelles for drug delivery in cancer 247
Minicells for targeted delivery of nanoscale anticancer therapeutics 249
Nanomaterials for delivery of poorly soluble anticancer drugs 249
Nanoparticle formulations of paclitaxel 249
Nanoparticles containing albumin and antisense oligonucleotides 250
Non-aggregating nanoparticles 251
Pegylated nanoliposomal formulation 251
Poly-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate nanoparticles 251
Polypeptide-doxorubicin conjugated nanoparticles 252
Protosphere nanoparticle technology 252
Nanoparticles for targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutics 253
Antiangiogenic therapy using nanoparticles 254
Canine parvovirus as a nanocontainer for targeted drug delivery 254
Carbon magnetic nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer 254
Carbon nanotubes for targeted drug delivery to cancer cells 254
Cyclosert system for targeted delivery of anticancer therapeutics 255
DNA aptamer-micelle for targeted drug delivery in cancer 256
DNA aptamer-micelle for targeted drug delivery in cancer 256
Fullerenes for enhancing tumor targeting by antibodies 256
Gold nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer 257
Lipoprotein nanoparticles targeted to cancer-associated receptors 258
Magnetic nanoparticles for remote-controlled drug delivery to tumors 259
Nanobees for targeted delivery of cytolytic peptide melittin 259
Nanocell for targeted drug delivery to tumor 260
Nanodiamonds for local delivery of chemotherapy at site of cancer 260
Nanoimmunoliposome-based system for targeted delivery of siRNA 261
Nanoparticle-mediated targeting of MAPK signaling pathway 261
Nanoparticles for targeted antisense therapy of cancer 261
Nanoparticles for delivery of suicide DNA to prostate tumors 262
Nanostructured hyaluronic acid for targeted drug delivery in cancer 262
Polymer nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery in cancer 262
Polymersomes for targeted cancer drug delivery 263
Quantum dots and quantum rods for targeted drug delivery in cancer 264
Targeted delivery of nanoparticulate drugs into lymphatic system 264
Targeted drug delivery with nanoparticle-aptamer bioconjugates 265
Dendrimers for anticancer drug delivery 265
Application of dendrimers in boron neutron capture therapy 266
Application of dendrimers in photodynamic therapy 267
Dendrimer-based synthetic vector for targeted cancer gene therapy 267
Poly-L-lysine dendrimer as antiangiogenetic agent 268
Devices for nanotechnology-based cancer therapy 268
Convection-enhanced delivery with nanoliposomal CPT-11 268
Nanocomposite devices 268
Nanoengineered silicon for brachytherapy 269
Nanoparticles combined with physical agents for tumor ablation 269
Boron neutron capture therapy using nanoparticles 269
Laser-induced cancer destruction using nanoparticles 270
Photodynamic therapy of cancer using nanoparticles 270
Thermal ablation using nanoparticles 271
Thermosensitive affibody-conjugated liposomes 272
Ultrasound radiation of tumors combined with nanoparticles 273
RNA nanotechnology for delivery of cancer therapeutics 273
Delivery of siRNAs for cancer 273
Nanocarriers for simultaneous delivery of multiple anticancer agents 274
Nanotechnology-based drug delivery to the CNS 274
Nanoencapsulation for delivery of vitamin E for CNS disorders 274
Nanoparticle technology for drug delivery across BBB 274
Delivery across BBB using NanoDel? technology 275
NanoMed technology to mask BBB-limiting characteristics of drugs 276
Nanovesicles for transport across BBB 276
Nanotechnology-based drug delivery to brain tumors 276
Multifunctional nanoparticles for treating brain tumors 276
Nanoparticles for delivery of drugs to brain tumors across BBB 277
Nanoparticle delivery across the BBB for imaging and therapy of brain tumors 277
Intravenous gene delivery with nanoparticles into brain tumors 278
PLA nanoparticles for controlled delivery of BCNU to brain tumors 278
Nanotechnology-based devices and implants for CNS 279
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery to the inner ear 279
Nanobiotechnology in cardiovascular drug delivery 279
Liposomal nanodevices for targeted cardiovascular drug delivery 279
Drugs encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles 280
Controlled delivery of nanoparticles to injured vasculature 280
Nanotechnology-based drug-eluting stents 280
Drugs encapsulated in biodegradable nanoparticles 280
Magnetic nanoparticle-coated DES 281
Nanopores to enhance compatibility of drug-eluting stents 281
Low molecular weight heparin-loaded polymeric nanoparticles 282
Injectable peptide nanofibers for myocardial ischemia 282
Nanotechnology approach to the vulnerable plaque as cause of cardiac arrest 282
Nanobiotechnology-based transdermal drug delivery 283
Delivery of nanostructured drugs from transdermal patches 283
Ethosomes for transdermal drug delivery 284
NanoCyte transdermal drug delivery system 284
Nanoparticles for targeted therapeutic delivery to the liver 285
Nanoparticles for pulmonary drug delivery 285
Systemic drug delivery via pulmonary route 285
Nanoparticle drug delivery for effects on the respiratory system 286
Fate and toxicology of nanoparticles delivered to the lungs 286
Nanoparticle drug formulations for spray inhalation 286
Inhalation of glucose-sensitive nanoparticle for regulated release of insulin 287
Pulmonary drug delivery by surface acoustic wave technology 287
In vivo lung gene transfer using compacted DNA nanoparticles 287
Nasal drug delivery using nanoparticles 288
Mucosal drug delivery with nanoparticles 288
Companies involved in nanobiotechnology-based drug delivery 289
Future prospects of nanotechnology-based drug delivery 292
Nanomolecular valves for controlled drug release 293
Nanosponge for drug delivery 293
Nanomotors for drug delivery 293
7. Clinical Applications of Nanobiotechnology 295
Introduction 295
Nanomedicine 295
Clinical nanodiagnostics 296
Nano-endoscopy 296
Application of nanotechnology in radiology 297
High-resolution ultrasound imaging using nanoparticles 297
Nanobiotechnology combined with stem cell-based therapies 298
Nanobiotechnology in tissue engineering 299
3D nanofilament-based scaffolds 299
Electrospinning technology for bionanofabrication 300
Nanomaterials for tissue engineering of muscles 300
Carbon nanotubes for artificial muscles 301
Nanofibers for tissue engineering of skeletal muscle 301
Nanomaterials for combining tissue engineering and drug delivery 301
Nanobiotechnology for organ replacement and assisted function 302
Exosomes for drug-free organ transplants 302
Nanobiotechnology and organ-assisting devices 303
Nanotechnology-based human nephron filter for renal failure 303
Blood-compatible membranes for renal dialysis 304
Nanosurgery 304
Miniaturization in surgery 304
Nanotechnology for hemostasis during surgery 304
Minimally invasive surgery using catheters 305
Nanorobotics 305
Nanoscale laser surgery 306
Nanooncology 307
Nanobiotechnology for early detection of cancer to improve treatment 307
Impact of nanotechnology-based imaging in management of cancer 307
Nanoparticle-MRI for tracking dendritic cells in cancer therapy 307
Nanoparticle-CT scan 308
QDs aid lymph node mapping in cancer 308
Nanosensor device as an aid to cancer surgery 309
Role of nanoparticle-based imaging in oncology clinical trials 309
Nanoparticle-based anticancer drug delivery to overcome MDR 309
Nanoparticle-based management of cancer metastases 310
Nanoshells for thermal ablation in cancer 310
Nanobody-based cancer therapy 311
Nanoparticles for targeting tumors 312
Nanocarriers with TGF-? inhibitors for targeting cancer 312
Nanoshell-based cancer therapy 313
Nanobomb for cancer 313
Combination of diagnostics and therapeutics for cancer 314
Biomimetic nanoparticles targeted to tumors 314
Dendrimer nanoparticles for targeting and imaging tumors 314
Gold nanoparticle plus bombesin for imaging and therapy of cancer 314
Gold nanorods for diagnosis plus photothermal therapy of cancer 314
Magnetic nanoparticles for imaging as well as therapy of cancer 315
Nanobialys for combining MRI with delivery of anticancer agents 316
Nanoparticles, MRI and thermal ablation of tumors 316
pHLIP nanotechnology for detection and targeted therapy of cancer 316
QD conjugates combine cancer imaging, therapy and sensing 317
Radiolabeled carbon nanotubes for tumor imaging and targeting 317
Self-assembling nanoparticles for imaging and therapy of cancer 317
Targeted therapy with magnetic nanomaterials guided by antibodies 318
Ultrasonic tumor imaging and targeted chemotherapy by nanobubbles 318
A cancer killing device based on nanotechnology 318
Nanoparticles for protection against adverse effects of radiation therapy 319
Fullerenes for protection against chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity 319
Role of nanobiotechnology in personalized management of cancer 319
Concluding remarks on nanooncology 320
Nanoneurology 320<br
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