Reportlinker Adds Neuroprotection - Drugs, Markets and Companies
NEW YORK, Dec. 21, 2010 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:
Neuroprotection - Drugs, Markets and Companies
http://www.reportlinker.com/p0203546/Neuroprotection---Drugs-Markets-and-Companies.html
Summary
This report describes the role of neuroprotection in acute disorders such as stroke and injuries of the nervous system as well as in chronic diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders because many of the underlying mechanisms of damage to neural tissues are similar in all these conditions and several products are used in more than one disorder. Over 500 products have been investigated for neuroprotective effects including those from the categories of free radical scavengers, anti-excitotoxic agents, apoptosis (programmed cell death) inhibitors, anti-inflammatory agents, neurotrophic factors, metal ion chelators, ion channel modulators and gene therapy. Some of the agents are old established pharmaceuticals whereas others are new biotechnology products.
Pathomechanisms of diseases are described with steps at which neuroprotective therapies are directed. Diseases covered include cerebrovascular disorders, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy and ischemic optic neuropathy as well as retinal degeneration. Although anesthetics such as propofol are neuroprotective as well, neuroprotection during surgery and anesthesia is discussed with the aim of preventing and treating complications that result in CNS damage.
The report contains a profile of 138 companies that have a neuroprotective product or products along with 99 collaborations. Some of the products in development at academic institutions that do not have a commercial sponsor are also included. Although an up-to-date search of the literature was performed and selected 850 references are included, a considerable amount of information has not been published anywhere else. Clinical trials of various neuroprotective agents are described and failures of trials in stroke and head injury are analyzed with suggestions for improving the selection of drugs and design of trials. The report is supplemented with 63 tables and 10 figures.
Market analysis of currently used products that have a neuroprotective effect are analyzed for the year 2009. Some of these products are approved for other indications but are known to have a neuroprotective effect. With the approval of new products and takeover of markets for obsolete symptomatic therapies, the neuroprotection market value will rise by the year 2014 when it will constitute a major and important component of the CNS market. Forecasts are made until 2019. By that time neuroprotection will be an established part of the neurological practice and measures will be available to achieve this effectively.
Table of Contents
0. Executive Summary 23
1. Introduction 27
Definitions 27
Historical development of neuroprotection 27
Intrinsic neuroprotective factors 28
Neuroprotective gene expression 29
Upregulation of GADD34 29
Induction of NR4A proteins by CREB in neurons 30
Neurotrophic factors 30
Intrinsic nonenzymatic antioxidants 30
Intrinsic neuroprotective proteins 31
Excitatory amino acid transporters 31
Extracellular serine protease thrombin 31
Galanin 31
Neuroglobin 31
Nuclear factor I-A 32
Prion protein 32
Rai adaptor protein 32
Stem cell factor 33
Role of the immune system in neuroprotection 33
Induction of DNA repair enzymes for neuroprotection 34
Pathomechanisms of CNS injury as basis for neuroprotection 34
Biomarkers of neurological disorders and neuroprotection 35
CNS biomarker identification using proteomics 35
Brain imaging for detection of biomarkers 35
Role of neuroprotection in various neurological disorders 35
Neuroprotection and neuroregeneration 37
Acute versus chronic neuroprotection 37
Discovery and evaluation of neuroprotective agents 37
Neuroprotective drug discovery 37
Discovery of CNS drugs that penetrate the blood-brain barrier 38
In vitro assays for the evaluation of neuroprotective agents 38
Oxidative injury model to test neuroprotective drugs 39
Apoptosis model for designing neuroprotective drugs 39
Transgenic mouse models of neurological disorders 39
Evaluating effects of neuroprotective drugs on living brain slices 40
Role of brain imaging in neuroprotective drug discovery and development 40
Positron emission tomography 41
Role of single photon emission computed tomography 41
Functional CT scanning to evaluate cerebrovascular protection 41
Magnetic resonance imaging for the evaluation of neuroprotectives 42
Application of nanotechnology to neuroprotection 42
Evaluation criteria for potential neuroprotective agents 42
2. Neuroprotective Agents 43
Classification of neuroprotective agents 43
Activated protein C 47
Activity-dependent neuroprotective protein 47
Adenosine analogs 48
Propentofylline 48
Antidepressants 49
Antidepressant-induced neurogenesis 49
Neurogenesis induced by electroconvulsive therapy 49
Neuroprotective effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 49
Antiepileptic drugs as neuroprotectives 51
Phenytoin 52
Valproic acid 52
Levetiracetam 52
Antiinflammatory agents 53
Aspirin 53
Interleukin-1 antagonists 53
COX-2 inhibitors 54
Nimesulide 54
Gold microparticles as anti-neuroinflammatory agents 54
Minocycline 55
Anti-apoptosis agents 56
Activated protein C 56
Calpain inhibitors 57
Caspase inhibitors 57
DNA binding drugs 57
Lithium 57
Olesoxime 58
Omega-3 fatty acids 58
Docosahexaenoic acid 58
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors 59
Prevention of apoptosis by binding of proNGF to sortilin 59
Antioxidants/free radical scavengers 60
Free radical generation 60
Natural defenses against oxidative stress 60
Effects of oxidative damage 60
Oxidative damage and aging 60
Neuronal damage by free radicals 61
Oxidative damage and neurodegenerative disorders 61
Measures to control oxidative stress 62
Categories of therapeutic antioxidants 62
Alpha-phenyl-tert-butylnitrone 62
Coenzyme Q10 63
Dihydroergocryptine 63
Flavonoids 64
Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants 64
Nanoparticles as neuroprotective antioxidants 64
Neuroleptics as antioxidants 65
Nitrones 65
Translation of antioxidant neuroprotection from preclinical to clinical 66
Carbon monoxide and heme oxygenase 66
Cell transplants 66
Cells secreting neuroprotective substances 66
Stem cells 67
Stem cell activation for neuroprotection/regeneration by glucocorticoids 67
Cytokines 67
Erythropoietin 67
Non-erythropoietic EPO variants and mimics 69
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor 70
Delta-opioid receptor agonists 70
FK960 70
Gene therapy 71
Glucagon-like peptide 72
Glatiramer acetate 72
Glutamate antagonists 72
Neuroprotection by scavenging blood glutamate 73
N-acylethanolamines for protection against glutamatergic excitotoxicity 74
Glutamate transporters 74
Glutamate transporter-mediated neuroprotective effect of drugs 74
Neuroprotection by targeting KAI subunit of kainate receptor 75
Glycine-proline-glutamate analogs 75
Herbal preparations 75
Flavonoid wogonin 76
Ginseng 76
Hydrogen sulfide 76
NMDA receptor ion channel complex 77
NMDA receptor antagonists 78
NMDA NR2B subunit receptor antagonists 78
Ifenprodil 78
Memantine as a neuroprotective agent 78
Magnesium 79
NAALADase inhibitors 79
Gacyclidine 79
N-alkylglycines 79
AMPA receptor modulators 80
Metabotropic glutamate receptor modulators 80
Cannabinoids 81
Dexanabinol 81
Glutathione 82
Heat shock proteins 82
Hormones 83
Estrogen and neuroprotection 83
Neuroprotective effect of estrogen receptor ligands 83
Selective estrogen receptor modulators 83
Mitochondrial mechanisms of estrogen neuroprotection 84
Insulin 84
Ion Channel modulators 85
Calcium channel blockers. 85
Ziconotide 85
Na+ channel blockers. 86
Neuroprotective potassium channel inhibitors 86
Kynurenine inhibitors 87
Leukocyte adhesion inhibitors 87
Modafinil 88
Neural regeneration protein 88
Neurite outgrowth-promoting prostaglandin compounds 88
Neuroimmunophilins 89
Cyclosporin-A 89
FK506 90
Rapamycin 90
Neurotrophic factors 90
Activity-dependent neurotrophic factor 91
Bone morphogenetic proteins 91
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor 91
Ciliary neurotrophic factor 92
Fibroblast growth factors 92
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor 93
Insulin-like growth factor 93
Nerve growth factor 93
Neurotrophins 94
Osteogenic protein-1 95
Pigment epithelium-derived factor 95
Transforming growth factor-b1 95
Vascular endothelial growth factor 95
Neurotrophic factor-related neuroprotective agents 96
Amitriptyline as a TrkA and TrkB receptor agonist 96
Colivelin 96
Gambogic amide 96
Inosine 97
Meteorin 97
Oxygen-regulated protein 150 kD 97
Prosaptide 97
Siagoside 98
Small molecule activators of the Trk receptors 98
Nicotine and nicotinic receptor agonists 98
Neuroprotective effect of galantamine mediated via a7nAChRs 99
Galantamine-induced AB clearance via a7nAChRs 99
Nitric oxide-based neuroprotection 100
Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors 100
Nitric oxide mimetics 100
Nootropics 101
Piracetam 101
Nutraceuticals and food constituents 102
Creatine 102
Curcumin/curry 102
Curcumin as a neuroprotectant in Alzheimer disease 103
Curcumin as a neuroprotectant in stroke 103
Curcumin as a neuroprotectant in multiple sclerosis 103
Mechanism of neuroprotective effect of curcumin 103
Glyceryltriacetate 104
Green tea 104
Nicotinamide 104
Resveratrol 104
Osmotic diuretics 105
Mannitol 105
Osteopontin 106
Oxygen therapeutics 106
Oxygen carriers 106
Hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers 107
Perfluorocarbons as oxygen carriers 107
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy 108
Peptides 108
C3-derived peptide for neuroprotection and neuroregeneration 108
Corticotropin-releasing hormone 109
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone 109
Vasoactive intestinal peptide 109
Pharmacological preconditioning 110
PPARs as drug targets for neuroprotection 110
Riluzole 111
Role of RNA interference in neuroprotection 111
Sigma receptor agonists as neuroprotective agents 111
SIRT group of proteins 112
Statins 112
Steroids 113
Dehydroepiandrosterone 113
HF0220 113
Sulforaphane 114
Tauroursodeoxycholic acid 114
Tetanus toxin as a neuroprotective agent 114
Thrombolytic agents as neuroprotective agents 115
Uncoupling protein 2 115
Vaccines as neuroprotectives 115
Vitamins as neuroprotective agents 116
Vitamin B12 116
Non-pharmacological approaches to neuroprotection 116
Environmental enrichment 117
Mental training 117
Physical exercise 117
Hypothermia 117
Limitations of hypothermia 118
Hypothermic neuroprotection in hypoxia-ischemia 118
Hibernation induced by hydrogen sulfide 119
Ketogenic diet 119
Nonpharmacological preconditioning for neuroprotection 120
Transcranial magnetic stimulation 120
Electrical fields for improvement of cerebral function in neurodegeneration 121
Neuroprotective effect of exercise 122
Hibernation and neuroprotection 122
Suspended animation and neuroprotection 122
3. Neuroprotection in Cerebrovascular Disease 123
Introduction 123
Pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia 123
Calcium overload 124
Ion channel dysfunction in stroke 124
Role of oxygen free radicals in cerebral ischemia 125
Role of nitric oxide in cerebral ischemia 125
Glutamate as a biomarker of stroke 125
Cerebral edema in stroke 125
Gene expression in response to cerebral ischemia 126
Induction of heat shock proteins in stroke 126
Role of cytokines and adhesion molecules in stroke 126
Tumor necrosis factor-a 126
Interleukin-1 and IL-6 127
Adhesion molecules 127
DNA damage and repair in cerebral ischemia 127
Role of neurotrophic factors in stroke 128
Problems requiring investigation of the role of NTFs in stroke 128
Role of Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) gene 128
Role of protease-activated receptor 1 129
Reperfusion injury after cerebral ischemia 129
Neuroprotection according to zones in cerebral infarction 129
Zone of ischemic infarction 129
Penumbra 130
Current management of stroke 130
Neuroprotection in stenosis of intracranial arteries 131
Neuroprotection in transient ischemic attacks 131
Neuroprotective therapies for stroke 131
Acid-sensing ion channel blockers 132
AMPA receptor antagonists as neuroprotectives for stroke 132
Zonampanel 132
Antiapoptotic neuroprotectives 133
NIM811 133
Creatine as neuroprotective in stroke 133
Lithium as a neuroprotective in stroke 134
TUDCA as a neuroprotective in stroke 134
Anticoagulant neuroprotectives 134
Heparin and enoxaparin 134
Warfarin vs dabigatran 135
Antiepileptic drugs as neuroprotectives in stroke 135
Tiagabine 135
Topiramate 135
Zonisamide 136
Anti-HMGB1 monoclonal antibody 136
Antioxidant approaches 136
Carnosine as a neuroprotective in stroke 136
Dehydroascorbic acid 137
Tocotrienols 137
Uric acid 138
Antiglutamate compounds 138
MRZ 2/576 138
L-Phenylalanine 139
Arimoclomol for stroke 139
Cardiac glycosides as neuroprotectives in stroke 139
Clenbuterol 139
Cox-2 inhibitors for ischemic stroke 140
Docosahexaenoic acid for ischemic stroke 140
Estrogen for stroke 140
Flavones for neuroprotection in stroke 141
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor for cerebral ischemia 142
Modulation of histamine H2-receptors 142
Inosine for stroke 142
Insulin-like growth factor-I 143
Intravenous immunoglobulin as neuroprotective in stroke 143
Ischemic preconditioning for neuroprotection in stroke 143
Ketone bodies for neuroprotection in stroke 144
Minalocorticoid receptor blockade for neuroprotection 144
Multifunctional neuroprotective agents 145
Nasal delivery of neuroprotective agents in stroke 145
Neuroserpin as a neuroprotective in stroke 145
N-2-mercaptopropionyl glycine 145
NeuroAid 146
Neurotrophic factors as neuroprotectives for stroke 146
AX200 146
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor 146
Fibroblast growth factor 147
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor 147
Insulin-like growth factor-1 147
Neuregulin-1 148
NO-based strategies for neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia 148
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-g agonists 149
PGE2 EP2 receptor activation 149
Pioglitazone for reduction of stroke risk in diabetes 149
Progesterone 149
Proteosome inhibitors 149
Statins for prevention and neuroprotection in stroke 150
Sildenafil 151
Src receptor blockade 151
Stroke vaccine 151
SUN N4057 151
Thrombosis inhibitors 152
Aspirin 152
Clopidogrel 152
Dipyridamole 152
Neuroprotectives in reperfusion injury 153
Prevention of hemorrhage following ischemic stroke 153
Non-pharmacological neuroprotective therapies for stroke 153
Preconditioning for neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia 154
Hypothermia for neuroprotection in acute stroke 154
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for neuroprotection in acute stroke 155
Infrared laser therapy for ischemic stroke 156
Neurostimulation of sphenopalatine ganglion 156
Role of neurosurgical procedures for neuroprotection in stroke 156
Neurorehabilitation in relation to neuroprotection in stroke 157
Cell therapy for stroke 157
Stem cell transplant for stroke 157
Immortalized cell grafts for stroke 158
Stimulation of instrinsic stem cells for repair of brain in stroke 158
Neuroprotective vaccines for stroke 158
Gene therapy for neuroprotection in cerebrovascular disease 159
Regulation of microRNAs for neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia 161
Neuroprotective therapies for cerebral ischemia: clinical trials 161
Albumin 162
Free radical scavengers 162
DP-b99 164
Minocycline for neuroprotection in stroke 164
Perindopril 164
Failed clinical trials of neuroprotection in stroke 164
Ancrod 166
Aptiganel 166
Cerovive 167
Citicoline 167
Desmoteplase 169
Erythropoietin as a neuroprotective in stroke 169
SPD 502 170
Tirilazad mesylate 170
Selfotel 170
Lubeluzole 170
Nalmefene 171
Gavestinel 171
Nimodipine 171
Sipatrigine 172
Causes of failure of stroke trials 172
Measures for prevention of failures in stroke trials 173
Design of acute stroke trial to facilitate drug approval 175
The ideal neuroprotective agent for stroke 175
Future prospects for neuroprotection in stroke 176
4. Neuroprotection in Traumatic Brain Injury 179
Introduction 179
Cerebral hypoxia/ischemia as a complication of trauma 179
Traumatic brain injury 179
Pathophysiology of TBI 179
Immediate damage following TBI 180
Cerebral edema following TBI 180
Delayed damage following TBI 181
Mechanism of axonal damage after TBI 181
Role of neuroinflammation in TBI 181
Molecular events following TBI 181
BBB damage after TBI 182
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy 182
Neurocognitive sequelae of TBI 183
Changes in neurotrophic factors following TBI 183
Changes in neurotransmitters following TBI 184
Proteomics of TBI 184
Genetic influences on outcome following TBI 184
Management of TBI 185
Control of intracranial pressure and cerebral edema 185
Corticosteroids 186
Neuroprotection in TBI 186
Antiepileptic drugs for prevention of seizures and neuroprotection 187
Antioxidants 188
Barbiturates 188
B- and -secretase inhibitors 188
Beta blockers 188
Bradykinin B2 antagonists 189
Branched chain amino acids to ameliorate cognitive impairment in TBI 189
Cell cycle inhibitors for TBI 189
Creatine for neuroprotection in TBI 190
COX-2 inhibitors for neuroprotection in TBI 190
Cyclosporin for neuroprotection in TBI 190
Dexanabinol for TBI 191
Erythropoietin for neuroprotection in TBI 191
Gold implants for neuroprotection in focal TBI 191
KN 38-7271 192
Magnesium sulfate 192
Minocycline for TBI 192
Neurotrophic factors for TBI 192
Neurosteroids as neuroprotective agents for TBI 193
Nicotinamide for neuroprotection in TBI 194
NMDA receptor antagonists 194
Nogo-A inhibitor 195
NP-1 195
Omega 3 fatty acids as neuroprotectives in TBI 195
Oxygen carriers for TBI 195
Polyethylene glycol for neuroprotection in TBI 196
Propofol for neuroprotection in TBI 196
Rapamycin as neuroprotective in TBI 197
Simvastatin as neuroprotective in TBI 197
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone analogs 197
Traxoprodil 197
Biological approaches to neuroprotection in TBI 198
Antisense approaches to TBI 198
Cell therapy for TBI 198
Gene therapy for TBI 198
Vaccine for TBI 199
Non-pharmaceutical approaches to neuroprotection in TBI 199
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy for TBI 199
Hypothermia 199
Reduction of microglial migration after TBI 200
Deep brain stimulation for TBI 200
Prophylactic neuroprotection against TBI 200
Role of helmets in protection against TBI 200
Role of physical exercise in protection against TBI 201
Clinical trials of neuroprotective agents in TBI 201
Failed clinical trials in TBI 202
Differences between clinical trials and studies in animal models of TBI 203
Subgroup analysis 203
Improving the clinical trial design 204
Clinical trials combining multiple treatment strategies 204
Shortening the trial time 204
Concluding remarks and future prospects of neuroprotection in TBI 204
5. Neuroprotection in Spinal Cord Injury 207
Introduction 207
Pathophysiology of SCI 207
Secondary mechanisms of SCI 208
Neurotrophic factor changes in SCI 209
Management of SCI 210
Pharmacological neuroprotective agents for SCI 211
4-aminopyridine 211
Antibodies as neurite growth inhibitors in SCI 211
Bacterial enzyme chondroitinase ABC 211
Docosahexaenoic acid as neuroprotective in SCI 212
Erythropoietin as a neuroprotective in SCI 212
Free radical scavengers for neuroprotection in SCI 212
Gacyclidine 213
GYKI 52466 213
Immunosuppressants as neuroprotectants in SCI 213
Interleukin-10 for neuroprotection in SCI 213
Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors for SCI 214
Methylprednisolone 214
Minocycline as neuroprotective in SCI 214
Neurotrophic factors for neuroprotection after SCI 215
Promotion of regeneration of neurons in SCI 215
Rho pathway and Rho antagonists in SCI 216
Selenium as a neuroprotective for SCI 216
Sialidase for enhancing recovery after SCI 216
Targeting the inflammatory response for neuroprotection in SCI 217
Uric acid as neuroprotective in SCI 217
Non-pharmacological approaches to SCI 217
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy 217
Hypothermia for SCI 217
Cell therapy for SCI 218
Autoimmune T cells against CNS myelin-associated peptide 218
Fetal neural grafts for SCI 218
Olfactory-ensheathing cells for SCI 218
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells for treatment of SCI 219
Schwann cell transplants for SCI 219
Transplantation of glial cells for SCI 219
Stem cells for SCI 219
Bone marrow stem cells for SCI 219
Embryonic stem cells for SCI 220
Transplantation of induced pluripotent stem cells in SCI 220
Transplantation of MSCs for SCI 221
Transplantation of NSCs for SCI 221
Transdifferentiation of stem cells into cholinergic neurons for SCI 222
Gene therapy for SCI 222
Combined approaches to spinal cord injury 223
Discovery of new targets for neuroprotective therapies in SCI 223
Clinical trials in SCI 224
6. Neuroprotection in Neurodegenerative Disorders 225
Introduction 225
Pathomechanism of neurodegeneration 225
Dual role of a-synuclein in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration 225
Lack of neurotrophic factors 226
Neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative disorders 226
Neurodegeneration associated with protein misfolding 226
Modulation of neurodegeneration by molecular chaperones 226
Intrabodies targeting protein misfolding in neurodegeneration 227
Targeting in proteins aggregation to prevent amyloid formation 227
Tau and neurodegeneration 227
TDP-43 proteinopathy and neurodegenerative diseases 228
Role of apoptosis in neurodegenerative disorders 228
Role of glia in neurodegeneration 228
Role of metals in neurodegeneration 229
Viral infections and neurodegeneration 229
AIDS and the nervous system 229
Avian influenza as cause of neurodegeneration 230
Genetic disorders with neurodegeneration 231
Batten disease 231
Friedrich ataxia 232
Pathomechanism of FA 232
Neuroprotection in FA 232
Niemann-Pick type C disease 232
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 233
Approaches to neuroprotection in neurodegenerative disorders 234
Glutamate-based therapies for neurodegenerative disorders 234
Mitochondria permeability transition pore complex and neuroprotection 235
7. Neuroprotection in Parkinson Disease 237
Introduction 237
Epidemiology of Parkinson's disease 237
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease 237
Oxidative stress 238
Excitotoxicity 239
Asynchronous neuronal activity 239
Apoptosis 239
Role of neurotrophic factors 239
Role of misfolding proteins 239
Genetic factors in PD 240
Alteration of dopamine homeostasis 241
Neuroprotective strategies for PD based on pathomechanism 241
RNAi screening to identify neuroprotective genes in a PD model 242
Management of Parkinson's disease 242
Limitation of conventionally administered dopamine therapy 244
Treatment of dementia associated with PD 244
Neuroprotective therapy in PD 245
Neuroprotective effect of currently used drugs for PD 245
Pramipexole 245
Rasagiline mesylate 246
Ropinirole 247
Selegiline 247
Non-pharmacological strategies for neuroprotection in PD 248
Preventive effect of exercise and environmental enrichment 248
Low-calorie diet 248
Development of neuroprotective therapies for PD 248
Adenosine AA2 receptor antagonists 248
Antiapoptotic strategies for PD 249
Calcium channel blockers for PD 249
Cell therapies for PD 249
Stem cells for PD 250
Activation of endogenous stem cells and neural precursors 250
Cogane 251
Creatine and minocycline 251
Conserved dopamine neurotrophic factor for PD 252
Free radical scavengers for neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease 252
Antioxidants 252
Melatonin 252
Tea extracts as neuroprotectives 253
Nicotine as a neuroprotective in PD 253
Gene therapy for PD 253
Implantation of genetically engineered cells 254
Gene therapy using GDNF and neurturin 254
Glutamic acid decarboxylase gene therapy 255
Parkin gene therapy 255
Concluding remarks about gene therapy for PD 255
Heat shock protein 70 256
Neuroprotective effect of DJ-1 protein 256
Neurotrophic factors 256
GDNF for PD 257
Neurturin for PD 257
BDNF for PD 257
Basic fibroblast growth factor for PD 258
Platelet derived growth factor 258
Clinical trials with NTFs 258
Nrf2-mediated neuroprotection in PD 258
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids 259
RAB3B overexpression 259
RNAi therapy for PD 259
Safinamide 260
Sirtuin 2 inhibitors for neuroprotection in PD 260
Statins and PD 261
Targeting Bax 261
Vitamin D for neuroprotection in PD 261
Vaccine for PD 261
Clinical trials of neuroprotection in Parkinson's disease 262
Evaluation of neuroprotective therapies for PD 264
Current status and future challenges for neuroprotection in PD 265
8. Neuroprotection in Alzheimer Disease 267
Introduction 267
Pathomechanism of Alzheimer's disease 267
Role of glutamate transport dysfunction in AD 268
Role of neurotrophic factors in the pathomechanism of AD 268
Management of Alzheimer's disease 268
Neuroprotection in Alzheimer's disease 269
Inhibition of Aß aggregation 270
Secretase inhibitors 270
AN-1792 271
Monoclonal antibody m266 271
Clioquinol 271
FKBP52 for neuroprotection from Cu toxicity in AD 272
Phenserine 272
Colostrinin 273
Inhibition of neuroinflammation 273
Etanercept 273
Neurotrophic factors/ gene therapy 274
NGF gene therapy 274
AL-108 275
Targeting plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 gene 275
Estrogen and AD 275
Antioxidants 276
NSAIDS 276
Memantine 276
Dimebon 277
Cerebrolysin 278
Ginko biloba 278
Tetrahydrocannabinol for neuroprotection in AD 279
Ladostigil tartrate 279
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors as neuroprotectives 280
PPAR-agonists 280
Role of statins in reducing the risk of AD 280
Combined therapeutic approaches to AD 281
Clinical trials in AD 281
Future prospects of neuroprotection in AD 288
Mild cognitive impairment 288
Relation of MCI to AD 288
Neuroprotection in MCI 289
9. Neuroprotection in Huntington Disease 291
Introduction 291
Pathophysiology of HD 291
Management of Huntington's disease 292
Neuroprotection in Huntington's disease 293
Antipsychotic D2 and 5-HT1A antagonists 294
Caspase inhibitors 294
Clioquinol for HD 294
Creatine for stabilizing bioenergetic defects 294
Cysteamine 295
Drugs that block inappropriate calcium release from neurons 295
Enhancing protease activity for clearance of mHtt 295
Eicosapentaenoic acid 295
Free radical scavengers 296
Histone deacetylase inhibitors 296
Inhibitors of polyglutamine aggregation HD 296
Pridopidine 297
Simvastatin as a neuroprotective in HD 297
Single chain Fv antibodies 298
SIRT2 inhibitors for neuroprotection in HD 298
Synaptic activation of NMDA receptors 298
Tetrabenazine 298
Combinatorial therapy and targeting multiple pathways in HD 299
Cell transplants 299
Neurotrophic factors and gene therapy 300
RNAi therapy for Huntington's disease 300
10. Neuroprotection in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis 303
Introduction 303
Pathophysiology of ALS 303
Neuroprotective therapies for ALS 305
Activated protein C 306
AEOL 10150 307
AIMSPRO 307
Arimoclomol for ALS 307
Antisense therapy 307
Creatine for ALS 308
Ceftriaxone for ALS 308
Coenzyme Q10 for ALS 309
COX-2 inhibitors for ALS 309
Dexpramipexole 309
Diallyl trisulfide 309
Erythropoietin for ALS 310
Gene therapy for ALS 310
Glatiramer acetate 311
Insulin-like growth factor 311
Ketogenic diet for neuroprotection in ALS 311
Lenalidomide 312
Lithium for neuroprotection in ALS 312
Methylcobalamin 313
Minocycline for ALS 313
Olesoxime as neuroprotective for ALS 313
ONO-2506 for ALS 313
Riluzole 314
RNAi-based therapy for ALS 314
Sodium phenylbutyrate 314
Stem cell therapy 315
Talampanel 315
Tamoxifen 315
Vaccination for ALS caused by SOD1 mutations 315
Vascular endothelial growth factor for ALS 316
Clinical trials of neuroprotective therapies for ALS 316
Concluding remarks and future prospects 319
11. Neuroprotection in Miscellaneous Neurological Disorders 321
Introduction 321
Age-related dementia 321
Enhancing endogenous neurotrophic support of the aging brain 321
Pharmacological approaches for treatment of age-related dementia 322
Physical exercise to prevent decline of mental function with aging 323
Vascular dementia 323
Prediction of dementia in persons with vascular risk factors 323
Management of subcortical vascular dementia 324
Dementia with Lewy bodies 325
Neuroprotection in AIDS dementia 325
Multiple system atrophy 326
Epilepsy 326
Mechanisms of neuronal damage in epilepsy 326
Strategies for neuroprotection in epilepsy 327
Control of seizures and neuroprotection 328
Cell therapy for neuroprotection in epilepsy 329
Cell therapy of posttraumatic epilepsy 330
Cell therapy for temporal lobe epilepsy 330
Cell therapy for pharmacoresistant epilepsies 330
Gene therapy for neuroprotection in epilepsy 331
Spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy 332
Multiple sclerosis 332
Introduction 332
Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis 332
Pathophysiology 333
Current management of multiple sclerosis 333
Specific therapies for MS based on pathomechanism 334
Neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis 334
Clinical trials of neuroprotective therapies for MS 335
Neuroprotection by control of progressive forms of multiple sclerosis 338
Neuroprotection by controlling autoimmune inflammation in the brain 338
Remyelination for neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis 339
Agents for neuroprotection in multiple sclerosis 339
Angiotensin-II inhibitors 339
Antiglutamate agents 339
Antioxidants for neuroprotection in MS 339
Antisense and RNAi approaches to MS 340
Cell therapy for multiple sclerosis 340
Cladribine 342
Dalfampridine in MS 343
Dimethyl fumarate 343
DNA vaccine for MS 343
Erythropoietin as a neuroprotective in MS 344
Fingolimod (FTY720) 344
Fusokine composed of GM-CSF and IL-15 for immune suppression 345
Gene therapy for MS 345
Ibudilast for MS 345
IVIG for MS 346
Laquinimod 346
MBP8298 346
Monoclonal antibodies for MS 346
Natalizumab 347
Natural human antibodies for repair of myelin 347
Neurotrophic factors for multiple sclerosis 348
Recombinant T-cell ligands 349
Statins for MS 349
Concluding remarks on neuroprotection in MS 349
Neuroprotection in transverse myelitis 350
Neuroprotection in decompression sickness 350
Neuroprotection in hydrocephalus 351
Neuroprotection in normal pressure hydrocephalus 352
Neuroprotection in infections of the CNS 352
Neuroprotection in bacterial meningitis 352
Mechanism of neural injury in bacterial meningitis 352
Strategies for neuroprotection 353
Neuroprotective approach to rabies 353
Neuroprotection in cerebral malaria 353
Neuroprotection in hypertensive encephalopathy 354
Neuroprotection in toxic encephalopathies 354
Hepatic encephalopathy 354
Management of hepatic encephalopathy 355
Encephalopathy due to organophosphorus poisoning 355
Neuroprotection against chemotherapy-induced brain damage 356
Neuroprotection against alcohol 356
Alcoholic neurologic disorders 356
Fetal alcohol syndrome 357
Pathogenesis of alcohol-induced damage to the nervous system 357
Neuroprotection against neurotoxicity of alcohol 357
Neuroprotection in hypoxia-ischemia 358
Neuroprotection in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury 358
Neuroprotection in carbon monoxide poisoning 360
Pathomechanism of CO poisoning as a basis for neuroprotection 360
Management of CO poisoning 361
Syndrome of delayed post-hypoxic leukoencephalopathy 361
Neuroprotection in sleep apnea 362
Neuroprotection in hypoglycemic coma 362
Neuroprotection in mitochondrial dysfunction 363
Mitochondrial permeability transition 364
Mitochondrial approaches for neuroprotection 364
Methylene blue 365
Role of nanolasers in evaluation of mitochondrial neuroprotectants 365
Neuroprotection in mitochondrial encephalopathies 365
Schizophrenia 366
Cognitive impairment in schizophrenia 366
Neuroprotection in schizophrenia 366
Neuroprotection in hearing loss 367
Causes of hearing loss 367
Pathomechanism of hearing loss 368
Prevention and treatment of hearing loss 368
Hyperbaric oxygen for hearing loss 369
Stem cell therapy for hearing loss 369
Auditory hair cell replacement by gene therapy 369
Pharmaceutical approaches to hearing loss 370
Neuroprotection of peripheral nerves 370
Neuroprotective agents for peripheral nerves 371
Acetyl-L-carnitine for peripheral nerve injuries 371
Atorvastatin for peripheral nerve injuries 371
Erythropoietin for neuroprotection in peripheral nerve injuries 372
Neuroprotection in peripheral nerve injuries 372
Role of hyperbaric oxygen in peripheral nerve injuries 372
Role of neurotrophic factors in peripheral nerve injuries 373
Pharmacological approaches to Schwann cells 373
Role of gene therapy in neuroprotection of injured peripheral nerves 373
Schwann cell transplantation for peripheral nerve injury
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Pharmaceutical Industry: Neuroprotection - Drugs, Markets and Companies
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Nicolas Bombourg |
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Reportlinker |
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Email: [email protected] |
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US: (805)652-2626 |
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Intl: +1 805-652-2626 |
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SOURCE Reportlinker
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