Reportlinker Adds Production and Application of Carbon Nanotubes, Carbon Nanofibers, Fullerenes, Graphene and Nanodiamonds: A Global Technology Survey and Market Analysis
NEW YORK, April 28, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:
Nanotechnology is one of the most important technologies in this century and it is evoking a new industrial revolution. Nanotechnology is changing basic research in the fields of information technology, biological science, environmental science, energy sources, material science, and others. The trend of industrial elements toward small features, high density, fast transmission, low energy cost and high production rate, has generated a greater requirement of miniaturization for elemental materials. Nanomaterial containing nanostructures are the best material to fulfill these needs. Carbon nanotubes are among the most broadly discussed, researched and applied.
Since their discovery in 1991, carbon nanotubes have attracted much attention and research funding, due to the strength of their cylindrical structure, which is constructed of a hexagonal array of carbon atoms. Their structure, as well as the unique electrical, magnetic, and optic characteristics have generated a huge potential of industrial and scientific applications. The fields of carbon nanotube applications include: photo-electric elements, electric elements, biomedical science, energy materials, and artificial diamonds. International technology and industry are focused on this technology, without regard to countries, or research fields. International industrial giants with interest in this technology include IBM, Intel, and NASA in the United States, NEC, Samsung and Showa Denko Companies in Japan, and Max-Planck Institute in Germany. International technology companies are keenly interested in the application of the carbon nanotube to current and future technologies. There can be as many as 40 billion carbon nanotubes contained in a square millimeter.
Carbon nanotubes are microscopic, tube-shaped structures, which essentially have a composition of a graphite sheet rolled into a tube. Carbon nanotubes have unique, interesting and potentially useful electrical and mechanical properties, and offer potential for various uses in electronic devices. Carbon nanotubes also feature extremely high electrical conductivity, very small diameters (much less than 100 nanometers), large aspect ratios (i.e. length/diameter ratios greater than 1000), and a tip-surface area near the theoretical limit (the smaller the tip-surface area, the more concentrated the electric field, and the greater the field enhancement factor). These features make carbon nanotubes ideal for electron field emitters, white light sources, lithium secondary batteries, hydrogen storage cells, transistors, and cathode ray tubes (CRTs).
Carbon nanotubes can be used in applications that include Field Emission Devices, memory devices (high-density memory arrays, memory logic switching arrays), Nano-MEMs, AFM imaging probes, distributed diagnostics sensors, and strain sensors. Other key applications include: thermal control materials, super strength and light weight reinforcement and nanocomposites, EMI shielding materials, catalytic support, gas storage materials, high surface area electrodes, and light weight conductor cable and wires.
Other carbon nano products include graphene, a flat two-dimensional sheet of carbon atoms, which is reminiscent of chicken wire and is used as substitutes for carbon nanotubes. Fullerenes, originally called Buckminster fullerenes for their geodesic dome shape, (which also resemble microscopic soccer balls) find use in chemical planarization. Carbon nanofibers find use as battery and composite additives.
STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVES
The goal of the study was to perform an exhaustive look at the field of nanocarbon materials, with a focus on single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT), multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNT) and fullerenes, while also investigating carbon nanofiber production and technology. More than 180 companies were found to be manufacturing nanocarbon materials that measured 100 nanometers, or less. Those companies are profiled in the report, which includes contact information. Companies that have gone out of business, or merged with other companies in the past two years, are also noted.
Further, an exhaustive search was made of companies, which are incorporating carbon nanotubes and other nanocarbon materials into products that are now being sold. In addition, the study looked at products, which are under development, and are likely to enter the market in the next five to ten years. The activities of more than 900 companies and institutions in the past two years are noted.
The study set out to find the extent to which carbon nanotubes are being actively researched for new products, and by how many companies. The author found that there are about 160 companies worldwide, which are pursuing the manufacture of various forms of nanocarbon. There are more than 1,000 companies and institutions that are developing, or producing products, which incorporate carbon nanotubes. While sales may be measured in thousands of tons for the first time in 2010, the activity in developing new products is intense, and new manufacturing techniques that overcome prior problems are being developed by a wide range of companies.
The study set out to determine the cost of constructing carbon nanotube and other forms of nanocarbon manufacturing facilities, as well as the cost of the chemicals and processes needed to accomplish that goal.
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
Nanotechnologies can advantageously be used to provide elements embedded, or associated with paths (e.g. thermal, power, signal, and data), control devices (e.g. switch and valve), sensors (e.g. temperature, vibration, strain, radiation and light), and "intelligent" devices (e.g. processor and Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)).
Nanotechnology refers to technology development at the atomic, molecular, or macromolecular levels, in length scale of approximately 1-100 nanometer range. Nanotechnology offers significant performance improvements over the capabilities of today's technology. For example, Carbon Nanotube (CNT) is a new form of carbon configurationally equivalent to a two dimensional graphene sheet rolled into a tube. The nanotubes have diameters, which range from a few nanometers to
Carbon nanotube has the potential to improve tensile strength of steel by several hundred times, aluminum thermal conductivity by 600 times, while improving copper electrical conductivity by orders of magnitude.
There are a number of advantages in using nanotube materials: data signal, and power paths can be constructed with nano material exhibiting superior electrical conductivity. Also, the nano material exhibits superior thermal conductivity and can be used to construct the thermal paths (e.g. in terms of nano heat pipe). Such material is being currently developed in various private and government institutions worldwide. Nano sensors, such as optical and photovoltaic, are also being developed by private companies and government institutions, as are nano electromechanical systems (NEMS).
With this background of CNT enabling many nanotechnology applications, iRAP felt a need to conduct a detailed study, which includes current and emerging technologies, new developments and market opportunities. Since carbon nanofibers, fullerenes, graphene and nanodiamonds are in the same family of materials, we have included them in this study.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDY
The study counts more than 700 companies incorporating carbon nanotubes into products for aerospace and aviation, automotive, composites and coatings, energy, environmental, information technology, manufacturing, medical, MEMS and NEMS, military and defense, advanced polymers, sensor, as well as sports and textile applications. Additionally, more than 180 companies are manufacturing nanocarbon materials, including single wall nanotubes, multiwall carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, carbon nanofiber and graphene.
SCOPE AND FORMAT
The primary focus of the report is the production of multi-wall carbon nanotubes and single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT). However, attention is paid to producers of nano-carbon fibers that range above and below the threshold for nanotechnologies, having a measurement smaller than 100 nanometers. The report examines production of carbon nanomaterial in Europe, Asia and North America
Attention is also paid to producers and consumer of graphene, which is basically an unrolled carbon nanotube, consisting of a single atom layer of carbon molecules. The report provides a brief, but thorough, update on activities in the field of carbon nanomaterials for the past two years and projects their growth through 2015.
Both the International Standards Organization (ISO) and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) subdivide nanomaterials into "nano-objects" and "nano-structured materials." According to ISO TS 27687, nano-objects include nanoplates, nanofibers and nanoparticles, and are nano-scale at least in their exterior measurements. In other words, they measure between one and 100 nanometers in length, width or height. Another ISO working group is currently working on the hierarchy and definitions of nanostructured materials, which include materials with a nanoscale structure within the material or on its surface. Prominent examples are nanocomposites, agglomerates and larger aggregates.
These kinds of aggregates and agglomerates are composed of primary particles (
The nanographite structure/metal nanoparticle composites have clear industrial applications. For example, due to its mechanical and/or electrical properties, the nanographite composites can be used in structures ranging from clothes and sports gear, to combat jackets and space elevators, as well as in semiconductors, fluorescent indicator tubes, fuel cells, and gas storage. Furthermore, the composite can also have biomedical/biotechnological applications, such as vectors for gene therapy, cosmetics, drug delivery systems, and biosensors.
A nanofiber is an ultra-fine fiber having a diameter of 1-800 nm, and has various physical properties that cannot be gained from a conventional fiber. A nanofiber web, used as a membrane type porous materia,l may be usefully applied to various fields, such as filters, wound dressings, artificial supporters, defensive clothes against biochemical weapons, separation membranes for secondary batteries, and nanocomposites.
TO WHOM THE STUDY CATERS
The study caters to those who wish to know the depth and breadth of the markets for carbon nanotubes and other nano-carbon materials. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have recently attracted considerable attention due to their unique electronic, mechanical and structural properties. Carbon nanotubes have been shown to be electrically conductive, while concurrently having high tensile strength and elasticity, as well as the ability to absorb gas molecules as nanocapillaries, the potential of further chemical functionalization, and chemical and thermostability. These qualities make carbon nanotubes prime candidates for use in nanomolecular and/or electronic devices.
REPORT SUMMARY
Nanocarbon products include single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT), fullerenes, graphene, carbon nanofiber and nanodiamonds. Production capacity for all products increased from 996 metric tons in 2008 to more than 2190 tons in 2009 and 4065 tons of capacity in 2010, and is expected to exceed 12,300 tons in 2015, a compound annual growth rate of 24.8% a year. Total production value is expected to reach about $435 million in 2010 and reach a value of $1.3 billion in 2015.
Major findings of this report are:
• Production capacity far exceeds actual production. Only about 340 tons of carbon nano products were produced in 2008, about 500 tons in 2009 and about 710 tons are expected to have been produced in 2010, which represents about 17% of capacity. However, actual production is expected to reach more than 9300 tons in 2015, representing a growth rate of 67.3% annually and about 80% of production capacity.
• Prices for all products are expected to fall by an average of about 12% a year for the next five years.
• Growth is chiefly driven by multi-walled carbon nanotubes. World production capacity for multi-wall carbon nanotubes exceeded 390 tons in 2008, reached 1,500 tons in 2009, and is expected to exceed 3,400 tons per year (tpy) by the end of 2010. Producytion capacity for MWNT is projected to reach 9,400 tons by 2015.
• SWNTs are the most expensive nano carbon product. They are much more difficult to produce than MWCNTs and are best suited for electronic applications. In 10 to 15 years, SWNT are expected to replace silicon as the key material in computer chips.
• Despite the quickly growing capacity for carbon nanotubes, demand has not yet caught up with capacity. However, manufacturers have been increasing capacity in order to be ready to capitalize on that future demand, which is expected to grow rapidly over the next five to ten years.
• For both SWNTs and MWNTs, Asia's production capacity is two to three times higher than that estimated for North America and Europe combined; Japan is the prominent leader in the production of MWNTs, but China and Korea are rapidly catching up. Use of CNTs in lithium-ion battery electrodes is the current driving force of ton-scale MWNT production in Japan.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTIONI
STUDY GOAL AND OBJECTIVESII
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDYII
CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE STUDYIII
SCOPE AND FORMATIV
METHODOLOGYV
INFORMATION SOURCESV
WHOM THE STUDY CATERS TOVI
AUTHOR'S CREDENTIALSVI
AUTHOR'S CREDENTIALS (CONTINUED)VII
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYVIII
SUMMARY TABLE A NANOCARBON GLOBAL PRODUCTION CAPACITY (TONS)VIII
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (CONTINUED)IX
SUMMARY FIGURE A NANOCARBON GLOBAL PRODUCTION CAPACITY 2010-2015 (TONS)X
SUMMARY TABLE B GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF CARBON NANO MATERIALS BY TYPE, THROUGH 2015 (TONS)XI
SUMMARY FIGURE B GLOBAL PRODUCTION OF CARBON NANO MATERIALS BY TYPE, 2010-2015 (TONS)XII
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (CONTINUED)XIII
SUMMARY TABLE C PRICE SUMMARY FOR NANO CARBON MATERIALS PER TON (PRICES ARE IN THOUSANDS (K) AND MILLIONS (M) PER METRIC TON)XIV
SUMMARY TABLE D NANOCARBON PRODUCTION VALUE ACCORDING TO TYPES. 2010-2015 ($ MILLIONS)XV
SUMMARY FIGURE C NANOCARBON PRODUCTION VALUE ACCORDING TO TYPES. 2010-2015 ($ MILLIONS)XVI
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY (CONTINUED)XVII
CNT TECHNOLOGY AND INDUSTRY OVERVIEW1
FIGURE 1 COMPARISON OF DIAMETERS OF VARIOUS FIBROUS CARBON BASED MATERIALS1
FIGURE 2 NANOCARBON FAMILY2
HISTORY3
TYPES OF NANOTUBES4
FIGURE 3 TYPES OF NANOTUBES: MWNT, DWNT, SWMT, ARMCHAIR, ZIGZAG CHIRAL4
TABLE 1 TYPES OF CARBON NANOTUBES SUPPLIED5
SINGLE WALL NANO TUBE (SWNT)6
FIGURE 4 TYPES OF SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES: METALLIC, SEMICONDUCTOR AND SEMI-METAL7
FIGURE 5 SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBE TYPES8
ARMCHAIR/METALLIC SWNT8
CHIRAL/SEMICONDUCTING SWNT9
ZIGZAG/SEMI-METAL SWNT9
FET GRADE SWNT9
MULTIPLE WALL NANOTUBE (MWNT)10
DWNT/DOUBLE WALL NANOTUBE10
INDUSTRIAL GRADE MWNT11
RESEARCH GRADE MWNT11
ALIGNED MWNT11
FUNCTIONALIZED SWNT & MWNT12
BUCKY PAPER13
CARBON NANOFIBERS14
FIGURE 6 CARBON NANOFIBERS14
GRAPHENE15
GRAPHENE (CONTINUED)16
GRAPHENE (CONTINUED)17
GRAPHENE (CONTINUED)18
THERMALLY EXFOLIATED GRAPHITE OXIDE19
AA STACKED GRAPHENE20
GRAPHENE NANOMESH20
GRAPHENE NANOMESH (CONTINUED)21
NANOPATTERNED GRAPHENE22
FULLERENES22
FULLERENES (CONTINUED)23
NANODIAMONDS24
NANODIAMOND SYNTHESIZED AT DREXEL UNIVERSITY24
NANODIAMOND SYNTHESIZED AT DREXEL UNIVERSITY (CONTINUED)25
FIGURE 7 NANODIAMONDS26
FIGURE 8 "MARIMO (CLADOPHORA SAUTERI)" CARBON27
CNT QUALITIES AND PROPERTIES28
TABLE 2 CARBON NANOTUBE QUALITIES29
TABLE 3 CARBON NANOTUBE TECHNOLOGY FACTORS30
TABLE 4 COMPARISON OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CARBON NANOTUBES31
TABLE 5 SWNT AND MWNT PROPERTIES COMPARISON32
TABLE 6 TENSILE STRENGTH COMPARISON (MEGAPASCAL-MPA)33
FIGURE 9 TENSILE STRENGTH COMPARISON ULTIMATE STRENGTH (MPA)33
FIGURE 10 RELATIVE SPECIFIC STRENGTH (KN•M/KG)34
TABLE 7 RELATIVE SPECIFIC STRENGTH KILONEWTON PER SQUARE METER (KN M2/KG)35
PRICING AND VALUE TRENDS FOR CARBON NANOTUBES35
MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES PRICES AND VALUES35
TABLE 8 PRICES FOR MULTI-WALL NANOTUBES BASED ON DIAMETER AND QUANTITY36
TABLE 9 MWNT GROWTH 2010-201537
FIGURE 11 PRICING TREND FOR MULTIWALL CARBON NANOTUBES ($1,000 PER TON)38
TABLE 10 MULTI-WALL CARBON NANOTUBES: PRICE, CAPACITY, PRODUCTION, VALUE, 2010-201538
TABLE 11 MULTI WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE -MWNTS PRICES39
TABLE 12 GRAPHITIZED MULTI WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES PRICING39
SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES PRICES AND VALUES40
TABLE 13 SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES: CAPACITY, PRICE, PRODUCTION, 2010-201540
FIGURE 12 PRICING TREND FOR SWNT NANOTUBES (MILLIONS OF DOLLARS PER TON)41
TABLE 14 SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES PRODUCTION SCENARIOS, 2010-201542
TABLE 15 SINGLE WALLED CARBON NANOTUBE PRICES43
TABLE 16 NOH FUNCTIONALIZED CARBON NANOTUBES -OH CNTS PRICING44
TABLE 17 COOH FUNCTIONALIZED CARBON NANOTUBES -COOH CNTS PRICING45
TABLE 18 SHORT CARBON NANOTUBES (SHORT CNTS) PRICING46
TABLE 19 SHORT OH FUNCTIONALIZED CARBON NANOTUBES PRICES46
TABLE 20 SHORT COOH FUNCTIONALIZED CARBON NANOTUBE PRICES47
TABLE 21 INDUSTRIAL GRADE CARBON NANOTUBES –IGCNTS PRICES48
CNT MANUFACTURING PRODUCTION CAPACITY, PRODUCTION AND VALUE49
TABLE 22 NANOCARBON GLOBAL PRODUCTION CAPACITY (TONS)49
FIGURE 13 ILLUSTRATION OF NANOCARBON PRODUCTION CAPACITY BY TYPES, 2010-2015 (TONS)50
TABLE 23 MARKET SHARES OF CARBON NANOMATERIAL PRODUCTION CAPACITY 2010 AND 201551
FIGURE 14 SHARES OF CARBON NANOMATERIAL PRODUCTION CAPACITY 2010 & 201551
TABLE 24 NANOCARBON FULL CAPACITY VALUE ($ MILLIONS)52
FIGURE 15 NANOCARBON FULL CAPACITY VALUE, 2010-201552
TABLE 25 MARKET SHARE OF NANOCARBON MATERIALS FULL CAPACITY VALUE, 2010 AND 201553
FIGURE 16 MARKET SHARE OF NANOCARBON MATERIALS FULL CAPACITY VALUE 2010 201553
TABLE 26 NANOCARBON GLOBAL PRODUCTION, 2010-2015 (TONS)54
FIGURE 17 NANOCARBON GLOBAL PRODUCTION, 2010-201555
TABLE 27 NANOCARBON PRODUCTION VALUE 2010-2015 (MILLIONS $)56
FIGURE 18 NANOCARBON PRODUCTION VALUE, 2010-201556
TABLE 28 MARKET SHARE VALUES AND PERCENTAGES IN 2010 AND 201557
FIGURE 19 2010 AND 2015 MARKET SHARE VALUE BY TYPE OF CARBON NANOMATERIAL57
TABLE 29 PRICE SUMMARY FOR CARBON NANOMATERIALS PER TON (PRICES ARE IN THOUSANDS (K) AND MILLIONS (M) OF DOLLARS PER METRIC TON)58
MULTI-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (MWNT)58
TABLE 30 MWNT CAPACITY, PRODUCTION, PRICE AND VALUE 2010-201559
FIGURE 20 MULTIWALL NANOTUBES PRODUCTION CAPACITY 2004-201559
FIGURE 21 VALUE OF MWNT, 2010-201560
TABLE 31 MWNT CARBON NANOTUBES: CAPACITY, PRODUCTION, VALUE PRICE, VALUE SCENARIOS, 2010-201561
TABLE 32 TOP MWNT PRODUCERS BY CAPACITY62
TABLE 33 SIGNIFICANT EVENTS IN CNT PRODUCTION 1983-201563
SINGLE-WALLED CARBON NANOTUBES (SWNT)64
TABLE 34 SWNT GROWTH CAPACITY, PRODUCTION VALUE AND PRICE 2010-201565
FIGURE 22 SWNT PRODUCTION 2004-201565
TABLE 35 SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES: CAPACITY, PRODUCTION, VALUE, PRICE, SCENARIOS, 2010-201566
TABLE 36 TOP SWNT PRODUCERS67
TABLE 37 TIMELINE FOR SWNT PRODUCTION68
TABLE 37 (CONTINUED)69
FULLERENES69
TABLE 38 FULLERENES: CAPACITY, PRICE, PRODUCTION, 2010-201570
TABLE 39 FULLERENES: CAPACITY, PRICE, PRODUCTION SCENARIOS, 2010-201570
FULLERENES (CONTINUED)71
TABLE 40 FULLERENE MARKET LEADERS72
TABLE 41 TIMELINE FOR FULLERENE PRODUCTION73
TABLE 41 (CONTINUED)74
CARBON NANOFIBER75
TABLE 42 CARBON NANOFIBER GROWTH TONS AND PRICE PER POUND AND VALUE $ MILLIONS75
TABLE 43 CARBON NANOFIBER SCENARIOS, GROWTH TONS AND PRICE PER POUND AND VALUE $ MILLIONS76
TABLE 44 TOP TEN CARBON NANOFIBER MANUFACTURERS, CAPACITY77
TABLE 45 CARBON NANOFIBER PRODUCTION TIMELINE77
GRAPHENE78
TABLE 46 GRAPHENE GROWTH AND PRICE PER POUND AND VALUE78
TABLE 47 GRAPHENE GROWTH SCENARIOS TONS AND PRICE PER POUND AND VALUE79
TABLE 48 TOP GRAPHENE MANUFACTURERS80
TABLE 49 GRAPHENE PRODUCTION TIMELINE81
WORLD PRODUCTION CAPACITY81
TABLE 50 NANO CARBON PRODUCTION CAPACITY BY REGION 2009, 2010, 201582
FIGURE 23 CARBON NANOTUBE PRODUCTION CAPACITY BY REGION 2009, 2010, 201582
FIGURE 24 NANO CARBON PRODUCTION SHIFT 2009, 2010, AND 2015 REGION, TONS, MARKET SHARE 2009 BY REGION, TONS, MARKET SHARE 201083
PRODUCTION CAPACITY BY REGION84
ASIA84
TABLE 51 ASIAN PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 2009-201584
TABLE 51 (CONTINUED)85
EUROPE85
TABLE 52 EUROPE CARBON NANOTUBE CAPACITY BY COMPANY86
NORTH AMERICA86
TABLE 53 NORTH AMERICA CARBON NANOTUBE CAPACITY BY COMPANY87
CARBON NANOTUBE MANUFACTURERS88
ASIAN NANO CARBON MANUFACTURERS (89)88
CHINA88
TABLE 54 CHINESE CARBON NANOTUBE MANUFACTURERS88
ALPHANANO TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD88
ARKNANO/FEIBO (SHANGHAI) CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD88
CARBON NANO MATERIALS R&D CENTER/ CHENGDU DESRAN TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD89
HENAN UNION ABRASIVES CORP.89
HEJI89
QINHUANGDAO TAIJI RING NANO-PRODUCTS CO., LTD.89
SHANGHAI ELECTRIC INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC & TRADING CO., LTD.89
SHENYANG GINA NEW MATERIALS89
SHENZHEN DYNANONIC CO., LTD.89
SHENZHEN NANOTECH PORT CO (NTP)89
TABLE 54 (CONTINUED)89
TSINGHUA-NAFINE NANO-POWDER90
YUHANG90
TABLE 54 (CONTINUED)90
INDIA91
TABLE 55 INDIAN CARBON NANOTUBE MANUFACTURERS91
CARBON NANO MATERIALS91
INDIAN OIL CORPORATION91
INNOVATIONS UNIFIED TECHNOLOGIES91
INTELLIGENT MATERIALS PVT LTD91
MONAD NANOTECH PVT.91
NANOFACTOR MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES91
NANOSHEL91
TECHNANO MATERIALS PVT LTD91
CHEMPURE PVT LTD91
JAPAN92
TABLE 56 JAPANESE CARBON NANOTUBE MANUFACTURERS93
CARBON NANOTUBE RESEARCH INSTITUTE (CNRI)93
FLOX CORPORATION93
FRONTIER CARBON CORPORATION93
GSI CREOS93
HITACHI ZOSEN CORP.93
HODOGAYA CHEMICAL94
HONJO CHEMICAL94
TABLE 56 (CONTINUED)94
IDEAL STAR94
JFE HOLDINGS94
MITSUBISHI CORPORATION95
MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL CORPORATION95
MITSUBISHI/ FRONTIER CARBON CORP95
MITSUI & CO.95
MITSUYA BOEKI95
NANO CARBON TECHNOLOGIES (NCT)95
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY95
NEC CORPORATION95
NEW METALS AND CHEMICALS CORPORATION, LTD. (TOKYO, JP)95
TABLE 56 (CONTINUED)95
NIKKISO96
TABLE 56 (CONTINUED)96
SANKEI GIKEN KOGYO96
SHOWA DENKO CARBON (SDK)96
SUMITOMO CORP.96
TOHO TENAX96
TOKYO FUTURE STYLE, INC.97
TOKYO CHEMICAL INDUSTRY97
TORAY INDUSTRIES INC.97
TOYO TANSO CO.97
TABLE 54 (CONTINUED)97
KOREA97
TABLE 57 KOREAN CARBON NANOTUBE MANUFACTURERS98
APPLIED CARBON NANO TECHNOLOGY CO.98
BOHONG CO., LTD.98
CARBON NANO-MATERIAL TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD98
CARBON NANOTECHNOLOGIES INC.98
EM-POWER CO. LTD98
GSNANOTECH CO., LTD.98
HANWHA CHEMICAL CORP98
HANWHA NANOTECH CORPORATION/(FORMERLY ILJIN NANOTECH)98
TABLE 57 (CONTINUED)99
KUMHO PETROCHEMICAL99
NANOBEST CORP.99
NANOKARBON99
NANOSOLUTION CO., LTD99
NEXEN NANO TECH CO., LTD.99
SAMSUNG SDI99
WORLDTUBE CO. LTD.100
TABLE 57 (CONTINUED)100
OTHERS: AUSTRALIA, IRAN, TAIWAN, VIETNAM, ISRAEL100
TABLE 58 CARBON NANOTUBE MANUFACTURERS: AUSTRALIA, IRAN, TAIWAN, VIETNAM101
A.Y.Y.T. - TECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATION AND DATA UPDATE LTD.101
ADVANCE NANOPOWER INC.101
AUSTRALIAN NATIONAL UNIVERSITY101
CARBONNANO PTE LTD.101
EDEN ENERGY101
HON HAI INDUSTRIAL (FOXCONN)101
INSTITUTE FOR MATERIAL SCIENCES101
IRCHEMIE101
TECO NANOTECH (TW)101
YEDA RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT COMPANY LTD.101
EUROPEAN MANUFACTURERS (31)102
TABLE 59 EUROPEAN CARBON NANOTUBE MANUFACTURERS (16)102
ALFA AESAR (UK)102
AMO GMBH (AT)102
ARKEMA (FR)102
BAYER MATERIAL SCIENCES (DE)103
CANATU OY (FL)103
CARBEN SEMICON LTD (RU)103
CARBON NT&F 21 (AT)103
TABLE 59 (CONTINUED)103
CARBO-TEC GMBH (DE)103
C-POLYMERS (AT)103
ELECTROVAC (AT)103
FUTURECARBON GMBH (DE)104
INSTITUT NATIONAL POLYTECHNIQUE DE TOULOUSE ( INPT ) (FR)104
IOLITEC IONIC LIQUID TECHNOLOGIES GMBH (DE)104
TABLE 59 (CONTINUED)104
KAERIA SARL (FR)104
MEMAPLAST (DE)105
TABLE 59 (CONTINUED)105
NANOCARBLAB (NCL) (RU)105
NANOCYL (BE)105
NANOTHINX (GR)105
NEOTECHPRODUCT RESEARCH & PRODUCTION COMPANY, LTD. (RU)105
N-TEC (NO)105
PLASMACHEM GMBH105
TABLE 59 (CONTINUED)106
Q-FLO LTD106
ROSSETER HOLDINGS LTD. (CYPRUS)106
SCHUNK GRAPHITE TECHNOLOGY, LLC (DE)106
SGL GROUP (DE)106
SOLENNE (NE)106
SURREY NANOSYSTEMS (UK)106
THOMAS SWAN & CO. (UK)107
TIMCAL GRAPHITE & CARBON (CH)107
TABLE 59 (CONTINUED)107
NORTH AMERICA (85)107
TABLE 60 NORTH AMERICAN CARBON NANOTUBE MANUFACTURERS (85)108
ADVANCED DIAMOND TECHNOLOGIES108
ADVANCED ENERGY TECHNOLOGY INC108
AHWAHNEE INC.108
AMERICAN DYE SOURCE, INC.108
AMERICAN ELEMENTS108
AMI DODUCO, INC.109
ANGSTRON109
APEX NANOMATERIALS109
APPLIED NANOTECH, INC.109
APPLIED SCIENCES, INC.109
TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)109
ASBURY CARBONS, INC109
ATOMATE CORPORATION109
BLUE NANO INC.109
BREWER SCIENCE109
BUCKEYE COMPOSITES110
BUCKYUSA110
TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)110
CABOT110
CARBOLEX110
CARBON SOLUTIONS INC.110
CATALYTIC MATERIALS LLC110
CATALYX NANOTECH110
CHEAP TUBES INC.111
CNANO111
CONTINENTAL CARBON COMPANY111
E-CITY NANO TECHNOLOGIES111
TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)111
FULLERENE INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION/ MITSUBISHI111
GENERAL NANO LLC (GN)111
GRAPHENE SOLUTIONS112
HELIX MATERIAL SOLUTIONS, INC112
HONDA RESEARCH INSTITUTE USA, INC.112
HRL LABORATORIES, LLC112
HYPERION112
TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)112
IDAHO SPACE MATERIALS, INC.112
KLEAN INDUSTRIES113
JENLAUR LTD.113
TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)113
LIFTPORT GROUP113
LITMUS NANOTECHNOLOGY113
LUNA NANOWORKS/LUNA INNOVATIONS113
MATERIALS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL RESEARCH (MER)114
TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)114
MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES RESEARCH (MTR) LTD.114
MICROTECHNANO114
MKNANO114
MOLECULAR NANOSYSTEMS114
MP BIOMEDICALS114
NANO-C114
NANOCOMP TECHNOLOGIES114
NANOCRAFT114
NANOCS114
NANODYNAMICS114
NANOGRAPHITE MATERIALS115
TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)115
NANOINTEGRIS115
NANOLAB115
NANOLEDGE115
NANOMAS TECHNOLOGIES, INC.115
NANONB CORP115
NANO-PROPRIETARY, INC.115
NANOSHEL LLC116
NANOSTRUCTURED & AMORPHOUS MATERIALS, INC.116
NANOSYS, INC.116
NANOTAILOR116
NANOTECHLABS116
NANTERO116
NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL-CNRC116
PYROGRAF PRODUCTS116
TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)116
RAYMOR INDUSTRIES INC.116
READE116
RICE UNIVERSITY SMALLEY INSTITUTE FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY117
SELAH TECHNOLOGIES117
SES RESEARCH117
SIGMA-ALDRICH117
SKYSPRING NANOMATERIALS INC.117
SOUTHWEST NANOTUBES (SWENT™)117
TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)117
STANFORD MATERIALS117
STANFORD NANOELECTRONICS GROUP117
SUPERIOR GRAPHITE CO.117
TAILORED MATERIALS CORPORATION INC.118
TDA RESEARCH118
THE AEROSPACE CORPORATION118
UNIDYM/ARROWHEAD RESEARCH118
VORBECK MATERIALS CORP.118
XG SCIENCES118
TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)118
XINTEK, INC.118
Y-CARBON118
ZYVEX PERFORMANCE MATERIALS119
TABLE 60 (CONTINUED)119
NANO CARBON PRODUCTION METHODS120
CNT PRODUCTION METHODS120
CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION (CVD)120
CCVD121
HWCVD121
ARC DISCHARGE121
FIGURE 25 ADVANCED ARC DISCHARGE PROCESS DEVELOPED AT MEIJO UNIVERSITY122
TABLE 61 COMPONENTS OF CNT PRODUCTION DEVICE122
LASER ABLATION123
TABLE 62 CNT PRODUCTION PROCESS COMPARISON123
OVEN LASER-VAPORIZATION124
FIGURE 26 DIAGRAM OF AN APPARATUS USING LASER PULSES TO VAPORIZE GRAPHITE TARGET TO PRODUCE SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES125
BALL MILLING125
OTHER MANUFACTURING METHODS126
AGGLOMERATE FLUIDIZED-BED AND NANO-REACTOR FOR CONTINUOUS MASS PRODUCTION126
AIST CVD APPARATUS FOR MASS PRODUCTION OF ALIGNED CNTS AT LOWER COST127
FIGURE 27 APPARATUS FOR CNT GROWTH128
AIST CVD APPARATUS FOR MASS PRODUCTION OF ALIGNED CNTS AT LOWER COST (CONTINUED)129
AIST MICRO PLASMA130
FIGURE 28 SWNT PRODUCED BY MICRO PLASMA PROCESS131
BIOMASS CONVERSION131
BIOMASS CONVERSION (CONTINUED)132
FIGURE 29 MICROWAVE PROCESS FOR CARBON AND CARBON-METAL NANOSTRUCTURES133
CARBON NANOTUBES GROWN ON NANOSTRUCTURED FLAKE SUBSTRATES134
COMOCAT®134
FIGURE 30 COMOCAT® PROCESS135
DIRECT GROWTH OF ALIGNED CARBON NANOTUBES ON BULK METALS136
GRAPHENE PRODUCTION BREAKTHROUGH136
FIGURE 31 ATOMIC FORCE MICROSCOPE OF A GRAPHENE DEVICE137
GRAPHENE PRODUCTION BREAKTHROUGH (CONTINUED)138
GRAPHENE PRODUCTION BREAKTHROUGH (CONTINUED)139
FIGURE 32 IMAGES OF HEADWATERS CARBON NANOSPHERES140
HIGH PRESSURE CARBON MONOXIDE PROCESSING (HIPCO)140
HONDA RESEARCH INSTITUTE140
HONDA RESEARCH INSTITUTE (CONTINUED)141
HODOGAYA CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR 3D NANO CARBON FIBROUS STRUCTURE142
FIGURE 33 SEM NANOCARBON FIBROUS STRUCTURE142
IONIC BOMBARDMENT FOR CNT SYNTHESIS143
JFE ENGINEERING ROTATING ARC144
FIGURE 34 JFE ROTATING ARC145
MANUFACTURING ADDUCTS MADE WITH CARBON NANOTUBE145
MICROPHASE DESKTOP CVD PRODUCTION OF CNT146
FIGURE 35 DESKTOP SYSTEM BY MICROPHASE AND A SCHEMATIC OF ITS OPERATION146
MICROWAVE PLASMA147
MICROWAVE SYNTHESIS OF METAL-CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES147
FIGURE 36 MICROWAVE SYNTHESIS OF METAL-CARBON NANOTUBE COMPOSITES147
FIGURE 37 NANOMETER MWNTS SYNTHESIZED BY MICROWAVE RADIATION148
OFFSET OPPOSED JET-STIRRED REACTOR (OOJSR)149
PAKISTANI PROCESS PRODUCES HYDROGEN FOR FUEL CELLS AND HIGH PURITY CARBON NANOTUBES150
FIGURE 38 PROCESS TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN AND HIGH PURITY CARBON NANOTUBES150
PICOCAL/ SCANNING PROBE GROWTH™ AND NANOCVD151
PLASMA152
PLASMA METHOD- NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH153
PLASMET INDUSTRIAL SCALE HIGH TEMPERATURE INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA154
PLASMET INDL SCALE HIGH TEMPERATURE INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA (CONTINUED)155
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN PRODUCTION TECHNIQUES156
PYROLYSIS TECHNOLOGY- EDEN ENERGY AND INDIAN OIL CORPORATION156
FIGURE 39 CNT PRODUCED BY PYROLYSIS156
PYROLYSIS TECHNOLOGY- EDEN ENERGY AND INDIAN OIL CORPORATION (CONTINUED)157
FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS OF METAL FREE CARBON NANOTUBES158
SAMSUNG LOW TEMPERATURE CNT MANUFACTURING159
UNIVERSITY OF TOKYO160
CARBON NANOTUBE SUPPORTS160
CARBONATE-BASED CATALYST SUPPORTS161
CARBONATE-BASED CATALYST SUPPORTS (CONTINUED)162
FIGURE 40 CNT GROWN ON CARBONATE-BASED CATALYST SUPPORTS163
IMPLANTATION163
ION-EXCHANGE METHOD163
PYROLYSIS OF CARBONYL COMPOUND164
REVERSE MICELLE METHOD164
SOLID SOLUTION METHOD164
SOL-GEL METHOD165
CARBON NANOTUBE CATALYSTS165
TABLE 63 CARBON NANOTUBE CATALYST MATERIALS166
CARBON NANOTUBE SOLVENTS AND DISPERSION AGENTS166
TABLE 64 CARBON NANOTUBE SOLVENTS AND DISPERSION AGENTS167
SURFACE MODIFYING AGENTS167
POLAR SOLVENTS168
POLAR ORGANIC SOLVENT168
SONICATION168
MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT169
ELECTROCHEMICAL DEPOSITION AND NUCLEIC ACID DISPERSION169
ELECTROCHEMICAL DEPOSITION AND NUCLEIC ACID DISPERSION (CONTINUED)170
ZWITTERIONIC SURFACTANT/HOKKAIDO UNIVERSITY171
TABLE 65 SOLVENTS FOR FULLERENES (MILLIGRAMS/MILLILITER)172
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION172
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION (CONTINUED)173
SEPARATION AND PURIFICATION (CONTINUED)174
TABLE 66 CNT SEPARATION TECHNIQUES175
ABSORPTION- FISHING SYSTEM175
ABSORPTION- FISHING SYSTEM (CONTINUED)176
BROMINE SEPARATION AT ROOM TEMPERATURE177
BULK SEPARATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES BY BANDGAP178
CENTRIFUGATION SEPARATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES INTO CHIRALLY ENRICHED FRACTIONS178
DENSITY DIFFERENTIAL ENHANCEMENT METHODS FOR SEPARATING CARBON NANOTUBES179
DNA SEPARATION AND SORTING OF SWNT179
FIGURE 41 DNA SORTING180
ELECTROMAGNETIC AND LASER SEPARATION OF SWNT180
EXFOLIATION181
FLOW DIELECTROPHORETIC SEPARATION OF SINGLE WALL CARBON NANOTUBES182
FLAVIN MOIETIES182
FLUORINE GAS/SOXHLET EXTRACTION183
FREEZE-THAW SEPARATION183
FIGURE 42 SEPARATION BY FREEZE AND THAW184
FUNCTIONALIZED POLYMERIC SEPARATION185
INDUSTRIAL SCALE CENTRIFUGAL METHOD185
LIQUID LIQUID SEPARATION186
LASER SEPARATION USING RESONANCE ABSORPTION186
NANOAFFIX SCIENCE LLC187
SEPARATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES IN DENSITY GRADIENTS188
STANFORD SEPARATION BY CHIRALITY189
VIOLOGEN SEPARATION189
EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS, TECHNIQUES AND SYSTEMS FOR CNT PRODUCTION AND CNT APPLICATIONS189
COMPANIES SUPPLYING EQUIPMENT, MATERIALS AND SYTEMS190
TABLE 67 MANUFACTURING EQUIPMENT, TECHNIQUES FOR CARBON NANOTUBES AND CARBON NANOTUBE APPLICATIONS190
ADA TECHNOLOGIES190
ADVANCED DIAMOND TECHNOLOGIES190
ADVANCED EXTRACTION TECHNOLOGIES, INC.190
AIXTRON AG190
ARKEMA FRANCE190
ATOMATE190
BEIJING FUNATE INNOVATION TECHNOLOGY CO., LTD. AND HON HAI PRECISION INDUSTRY CO., LTD.190
TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)191
BIO NANO CONSULTING191
BOSTON COLLEGE191
BROTHER INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION191
CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY191
CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY191
CASE WESTERN RESERVE UNIVERSITY191
CENTRE DE RECHERCHE PAUL PASCAL (CRPP)191
CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE191
CEVP LTD.192
CHEVRONTEXACO MOLECULAR DIAMOND TECHNOLOGIES.192
COST (EUROPEAN COOPERATION IN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY)192
TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)192
E I DU PONT DE NEMOURS AND COMPANY192
DREXEL UNIVERSITY192
ETAMOTA CORPORATION192
FIRST NANO, A DIVISION OF CVD EQUIPMENT CORPORATION192
FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY RESEARCH FOUNDATION193
FRAUNHOFER IWS193
FUJI XEROX CO., LTD.193
TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)193
FUTABA CORPORATION193
HEADWATERS TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION, LLC193
HIELSCHER ULTRASONICS194
HON HAI PRECISION INDUSTRY AND TSINGHUA UNIVERSITY194
HONDA MOTOR CO., LTD.194
HONDA RESEARCH INSTITUTE USA INC.194
IBM194
INSTITUT NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE194
INTEMATIX CORP.194
TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)194
INTERNATIONAL TECHNOLOGY CENTER194
ISFAHAN UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY194
JAPAN NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE195
JAPAN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AGENCY195
LEUVEN NANOCENTER195
LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION195
TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)195
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY195
NARA MACHINERY CO., LTD.195
NACALAI USA196
NACALAI USA196
NANOCARBON RESEARCH INSTITUTE LTD.196
NANOCOMP TECHNOLOGIES, INC.196
TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)196
NANOGRADE196
NANOHAND196
NANOINTECH197
NANORIDGE197
NANOSEMBLY, LLC197
NANOTECHNOLOGY NETWORK PROJECT197
NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR MATERIALS SCIENCE197
NANOWAL, UNIVERSITÉ CATHERIQUE DE LOUVAIN (UCL)197
TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)197
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ADVANCED INDUSTRIAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY197
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF AEROSPACE ASSOCIATES198
NEW ENERGY AND INDUSTRIAL TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT ORGANIZATION (NEDO)198
NEW JERSEY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY198
TABLE 67 (CONTINUED)198
NEXGEN SEMI HOLDING, INC.198
OXFORD INSTRUMENTS198
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