Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Technologies and Global Markets
NEW YORK, Sept. 21, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: Technologies and Global Markets
http://www.reportlinker.com/p0619257/Solid-Oxide-Fuel-Cells-Technologies-and-Global-Markets.html#utm_source=prnewswire&utm_medium=pr&utm_campaign=Oil_and_Gas_energy
REPORT HIGHLIGHTS
* The global solid oxide fuel cell market in 2011 will be worth more than $380 million, up from $360 million in 2010. This will result in a $530 million global market in 2016, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.9% between 2011 and 2016 under a consensus scenario.
* The market for CPUs is valued at $140 million in 2011 and is forecast to rise to almost $215 million by 2016, reflecting a CAGR of 9%.
* The total market for generators, remote and APUs is likely to increase from $135 million in 2011 to approximately $159 million in 2016, a CAGR of 3.3%.
INTRODUCTION
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES
Fuel cells are viewed as potential candidates for auxiliary power, mobile power, stationary distributed or central power, and portable product power. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are among the most efficient and cost-effective. Although relatively high operating temperature limits the range of applications possible, stationary, mobile, and even portable product configurations are possible.
Advances in the technology have been made, but sometimes these advances reveal even more challenges to be met. Slowly, there is the realization that total dependency on hydrocarbon fuels is not a viable economic option. SOFCs have a part in securing energy security for the country, improving the environment, greatly reducing urban pollution, and creating jobs in manufacturing as the technology advances. They can also provide a cost-effective and performance-driven rival for other fuel cells, batteries, internal combustion engines, and coal- or oil-fired heat engines.
This study analyzes components of the SOFC, a technology offering the promise of greatly reduced environmental impact and excellent performance, price, and efficiency advantages. Recent historic developments and approaches are described along with recent commercial developments and the state of the art.
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY
This report can also provide valuable information in terms of assessing investment in particular technologies and, therefore, should benefit investors directly or indirectly. Others may find the broad discussions of energy policy and environmental impact to be of considerable value in understanding the opportunities and problems in the near- to mid-term.
INTENDED AUDIENCE
This report is intended to provide a unique analysis of the SOFC market and will be of interest to a variety of current and potential fuel cell users and integrators as well as competing battery, fuel cell, and conventional power generation makers.
BCC Research wishes to thank those companies, government agencies, and university researchers that contributed information for this report.
SCOPE OF REPORT
This report discusses the North American, European, Far Eastern, and Rest-of-World market value. Target markets are based on optimistic, pessimistic, and consensus alternatives. This is compared to the conventional power generation target and peak shifting opportunities. The current market is small, mainly limited to pilot projects or emerging niches. By 2016, these pilots will be expanding into commercial implementations. This 2016 market is also characterized in terms of optimistic, pessimistic, and consensus scenarios.
SOFC applications are described and analyzed. The following applications are considered:
* Combined heat and power (CHP)
* Exotic
* Military
* Portable product power
* Remote power and auxiliary power units (APUs)
SOFC companies are listed and detailed profiles prepared.
METHODOLOGY
An in-depth analysis of technical and business literature and published dissertations; a review of the history of the technologies involved; and interviews with industry experts, company representatives, federal government researchers, and university scientists provide an assessment of the outlook for alternative electrical power storage. Other INFORMATION SOURCES include product literature from suppliers, scientific references, conferences, and patent searches.
Both primary and secondary research methodologies were used in preparing this report, which is based on interviews with commercial and government sources, literature reviews, and patent examinations. Throughout the report, past market data is expressed in current dollars, and estimates and projections are in constant 2011 dollars. Historic markets (2006) and the projected market for 2016 are provided.
Most market summaries are based on a consensus scenario that assumes no unanticipated technical advances and no unexpected legislation. When appropriate, pessimistic, consensus, and optimistic market scenarios characterize several developmental markets. Totals are rounded to the nearest million dollars. When appropriate, information from previously published sources is identified to allow a more detailed examination by clients.
INFORMATION SOURCES
Market assumptions used in this report include those based on updates of material from an earlier version of this analysis, as well as from BCC Research studies. This report's author prepared these studies as well. He also edits the twice-monthly BCC Research newsletter, Fuel Cell Industry Report and Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Progress, which are uniquely valuable sources for this market. Although many segments of the industry are well documented, much of this information is based on estimates, not hard facts. The distinction between these estimates and hard facts can be vital, and wherever possible, sources are identified.
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION . 1
STUDY GOALS AND OBJECTIVES 1
REASONS FOR DOING THE STUDY .. 1
INTENDED AUDIENCE .... 1
SCOPE OF REPORT 2
METHODOLOGY 2
INFORMATION SOURCES .... 3
ANALYST CREDENTIALS 3
RELATED REPORTS .... 3
BCC ONLINE SERVICES .. 4
DISCLAIMER . 4
CHAPTER TWO: SUMMARY . 5
SUMMARY . 5
SUMMARY TABLE GLOBAL SOFC MARKET SUMMARY BY
TECHNOLOGY, BY APPLICATION, CONSENSUS SCENARIO ($
MILLIONS) . 6
SUMMARY FIGURE GLOBAL SOFC MARKET SUMMARY BY
TECHNOLOGY, BY APPLICATION, CONSENSUS SCENARIO ($
MILLIONS) . 6
SUMMARY FIGURE (CONTINUED) 7
CHAPTER THREE: OVERVIEW 8
FUEL CELL BACKGROUND . 8
TABLE 1 SOFC COMPARED TO OTHER FUEL CELLS . 9
SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL BACKGROUND 9
SOFC MATERIALS 10
SOFC Electrodes, Electrolytes, and Interconnects 11
SOFC Glass Seals .. 12
SOFC Gaskets ... 13
TABLE 2 SOFC GASKET MATERIALS ... 13
TABLE 2 (CONTINUED) ... 14
Recent SOFC Material Developments 14
Georgia Tech SOFC Ceramic Material ... 14
Georgia Tech …Continued) .... 15
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science
and Technology and the Fine Ceramics
Research Association Electrode Compositions . 16
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Ceramic Microreactors ... 17
Cornell One-Pot Process . 17
West Virginia University Interconnect Coatings .. 18
Nippon Shokubai Zirconia Sheets . 19
TABLE 3 NIPPON SHOKUBAI ZIRCONIA SHEET SPECIFICATIONS ... 20
University of Birmingham Electrode Doping ... 20
Virginia Tech Self-healing Glass Seals ... 21
SOFC TECHNOLOGY: CURRENT AND DEVELOPMENTAL
CONFIGURATIONS ... 22
Generic Planar SOFC Configuration .. 23
FIGURE 1 PLANAR SOFC CONFIGURATION 24
Generic Thin-film Configuration ... 24
FIGURE 2 THIN-FILM SOFC CONFIGURATION 25
Generic Tubular Configuration . 25
FIGURE 3 TUBULAR SOFC CONFIGURATION .. 26
Westinghouse Design . 26
Siemens Power Generation Design 27
National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and
Technology (AIST) Design ... 28
National Institute of …(Continued) ... 29
NanoDynamics Energy Microtubular Configuration .. 30
MIT Design .. 31
MIT Design (Continued) . 32
Ceres Design 33
Bloom Energy SOFC Hydrogen Generation Design ... 34
FuelCon SOFC Test Station . 34
SOFC Gas Turbine Hybrids . 35
FIGURE 4 FUELCELL ENERGY SOFC/T HYBRID SYSTEM AND
TORPEDO CONFIGURATION... 36
GOVERNMENT REGULATIONS AND SUBSIDIES .. 37
U.S. FEDERAL FUEL CELL SUBSIDIES AND INCENTIVES .... 38
U.S Department of Energy ... 38
History of U.S. DOE SOFC Subsidies 39
History of U.S. DOE … (Continued) .. 40
History of U.S. DOE … (Continued) .. 41
History of U.S. DOE … (Continued) .. 42
History of U.S. DOE … (Continued) .. 43
History of U.S. DOE … (Continued) .. 44
U.S. Fuel Cell Budget Situation in 2009 . 45
History of U.S. DOE … (Continued) .. 46
History of U.S. DOE … (Continued) .. 47
U.S. Fuel Cell Budget Situation in 2010 . 48
TABLE 4 2010 BUDGET HYDROGEN AND FUEL CELL
TECHNOLOGIES FUNDING PROFILE BY SUBPROGRAM, 2009-
2011 ($ THOUSANDS) . 48
TABLE 4 (CONTINUED) ... 49
U.S. Fuel Cell Budget … (Continued) 50
U.S. Fuel Cell Budget Situation in 2011 . 51
TABLE 5 2011 PROPOSED FISCAL FUEL CELL BUDGET .... 52
U.S. DOE Draft "Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Program Plan" .. 52
U.S. DOE Draft "Hydrogen … (Continued) . 53
U.S. DOE Draft "Hydrogen … (Continued) . 54
U.S. DOE Draft "Hydrogen … (Continued) . 55
OTHER U.S. FUEL CELL SUBSIDIES AND INCENTIVES .... 56
U.S. Fuel Cell Council Analysis of Funding Priorities .... 57
U.S. Fuel Cell Council Analysis of … (Continued) 58
Office of Science 59
National Hydrogen Association 60
National Science Foundation .... 61
Department of Defense .... 62
State Incentives 63
Federal Excise Tax Exemption for Anti-idling .. 64
GLOBAL SUBSIDIES AND INCENTIVES .. 65
Canadian Subsidies and Incentives .... 65
European Subsidies and Incentives .... 65
Japanese Subsidies and Incentives .... 66
South Korean Subsidies and Incentives .. 67
South Korean Subsidies and … (Continued) .... 68
SOFC RESEARCH .. 69
ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS .... 69
TABLE 6 MAJOR INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH INTO PEM FUEL
CELLS .. 70
CHAPTER FOUR: MARKETS BY APPLICATION 71
COMBINED HEAT AND POWER .. 71
CHP DEVELOPMENTS .. 72
U.S. DOE EERN CHP Developments . 72
TABLE 7 PRELIMINARY TECHNICAL TARGETS: 1-10 KWE
RESIDENTIAL COMBINED HEAT AND POWER FUEL CELLS
OPERATING ON NATURAL GAS, 2008-2020 ... 73
TABLE 8 PRELIMINARY TECHNICAL TARGETS: 1-10 KWE FUEL
CELL AUXILIARY POWER UNITS OPERATING ON STANDARD
ULTRA-LOW SULFUR DIESEL FUEL, 2008-2020 73
European Union SOFC Research Partnership CHP
Developments ... 74
European Union SOFC … (Continued) ... 75
Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Technical Advisory Committee
(HTAC) CHP Developments 76
Ceres Power CHP Developments ... 76
Ceres Power CHP Developments (Continued) .. 77
GENERATORS, REMOTE POWER, AND AUXILIARY POWER .. 78
GENERATORS AND PORTABLE POWER PLANTS 79
RECREATIONAL VEHICLE POWER 80
ANTI-IDLING APUS .. 80
Anti-idling APUs (Continued) .. 81
AIRCRAFT APUS .. 82
Aircraft APUs (Continued) ... 83
MARINE VESSEL APUS 84
PORTABLE PRODUCTS . 85
MILITARY 85
EXOTIC .... 85
EXOTIC (CONTINUED) .. 86
EXOTIC (CONTINUED) .. 86
CHAPTER FIVE: SOFC MARKET SUMMARY 87
SOFC SEGMENTS ANALYZED 87
SOFC MARKET DRIVERS AND BASIS FOR SCENARIOS 88
SOFC APPLICATION MARKET DRIVER SCENARIOS 89
TABLE 9 SOFC OPTIMISTIC, PESSIMISTIC, AND CONSENSUS
SCENARIOS, BY APPLICATION ... 89
TABLE 9 (CONTINUED) ... 90
TABLE 9 (CONTINUED) ... 91
TABLE 9 (CONTINUED) ... 92
TABLE 9 (CONTINUED) ... 93
TABLE 9 (CONTINUED) ... 94
SOFC REGIONAL MARKET DRIVER SCENARIOS . 95
TABLE 10 SOFC OPTIMISTIC, PESSIMISTIC, AND CONSENSUS
SCENARIOS, BY REGION ... 95
TABLE 10 (CONTINUED) . 96
TABLE 10 (CONTINUED) . 97
TABLE 10 (CONTINUED) . 98
SOFC PRODUCT MARKET DRIVER SCENARIOS ... 99
TABLE 11 SOFC OPTIMISTIC, PESSIMISTIC, AND CONSENSUS
SCENARIOS .. 99
TABLE 11 (CONTINUED) .... 100
TABLE 11 (CONTINUED) .... 101
TABLE 11 (CONTINUED) .... 102
SOFC MARKETS BY APPLICATION .... 103
TABLE 12 GLOBAL SOFC MARKET PROJECTIONS BY
TECHNOLOGY, BY APPLICATION, CONSENSUS SCENARIO,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) .... 103
FIGURE 5 GLOBAL SOFC MARKET PROJECTIONS BY
TECHNOLOGY, BY APPLICATION, CONSENSUS SCENARIO, 2006-
2016 ($ MILLIONS) .... 104
FIGURE 6 GLOBAL SOFC MARKET PROJECTIONS BY
TECHNOLOGY BY APPLICATION IN 2011, CONSENSUS
SCENARIO (%) . 104
FIGURE 6 (CONTINUED) ... 105
TABLE 13 GLOBAL SOFC MARKET PROJECTIONS BY
TECHNOLOGY, BY APPLICATION, OPTIMISTIC SCENARIO,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) .... 105
TABLE 14 GLOBAL SOFC MARKET PROJECTIONS BY
TECHNOLOGY, BY APPLICATION, PESSIMISTIC SCENARIO,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) .... 106
SOFC MARKETS BY REGION 106
TABLE 15 GLOBAL SOFC MARKET PROJECTIONS BY
TECHNOLOGY, BY REGION, CONSENSUS SCENARIO, THROUGH
2016 ($ MILLIONS) .... 106
FIGURE 7 GLOBAL SOFC MARKET PROJECTIONS BY
TECHNOLOGY, BY REGION, CONSENSUS SCENARIO, 2006-2016
($ MILLIONS) ... 107
FIGURE 8 GLOBAL SOFC MARKET PROJECTIONS BY
TECHNOLOGY BY REGION IN 2011, CONSENSUS SCENARIO (%) . 107
FIGURE 8 (CONTINUED) ... 108
TABLE 16 GLOBAL SOFC MARKET PROJECTIONS BY
TECHNOLOGY, BY REGION, OPTIMISTIC SCENARIO ($
MILLIONS) .. 108
TABLE 17 GLOBAL SOFC MARKET PROJECTIONS BY
TECHNOLOGY, BY REGION, PESSIMISTIC SCENARIO, 2006-2016
($ MILLIONS) ... 108
SOFC MARKETS BY PRODUCT . 109
TABLE 18 GLOBAL SOFC MARKET PROJECTIONS BY
TECHNOLOGY, BY PRODUCT, CONSENSUS SCENARIO,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) .... 109
FIGURE 9 GLOBAL SOFC MARKET PROJECTIONS BY
TECHNOLOGY, BY PRODUCT, CONSENSUS SCENARIO, 2006-2016
($ MILLIONS) ... 110
FIGURE 10 GLOBAL SOFC MARKET PROJECTIONS BY
TECHNOLOGY BY PRODUCT IN 2011, CONSENSUS SCENARIO
(%) .. 110
FIGURE 10 (CONTINUED) . 111
TABLE 19 GLOBAL SOFC MARKET PROJECTIONS BY
TECHNOLOGY, BY PRODUCT, OPTIMISTIC SCENARIO,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) .... 111
TABLE 20 GLOBAL SOFC MARKET PROJECTIONS BY
TECHNOLOGY, BY PRODUCT, PESSIMISTIC SCENARIO,
THROUGH 2016 ($ MILLIONS) .... 111
CHAPTER SIX: INDUSTRY STRUCTURE AND COMPETITIVE
ANALYSIS ... 112
COMPETITION .... 112
CONVENTIONAL TURBINE-BASED POWER GENERATION . 112
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES 113
ULTRACAPACITORS .... 113
OTHER FUEL CELLS ... 114
Alkaline Fuel Cells ... 114
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells . 115
Solid Oxide Fuel Cells ... 115
Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells .. 115
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 115
BATTERIES .... 116
Batteries (Continued) .... 117
TABLE 21 BATTERIES THAT COULD COMPETE WITH SOFCS .. 118
Lead-acid Batteries ... 118
Nickel-metal Hydride Batteries ... 119
Lithium-ion and Lithium-polymer Batteries .. 120
Metal-air Batteries ... 121
Nickel-hydrogen Secondary Batteries ... 122
High-temperature Lithium Batteries .... 122
Sodium-sulfur Batteries 123
Redox and Flow Batteries .. 124
Nickel-iron Batteries 124
Nickel-Zinc Batteries 125
Calcium-metal Sulfide Batteries .. 125
Sodium-metal Chloride Batteries 126
INDUSTRY LEADERS ... 126
TABLE 22 SOFC COMPANIES AND STATUS .... 127
TABLE 22 (CONTINUED) .... 128
TABLE 22 (CONTINUED) .... 129
TABLE 22 (CONTINUED) .... 130
TABLE 22 (CONTINUED) .... 131
TABLE 23 SOFC COMPANY SHIPMENT STATUS . 132
MARKET TIERS .. 133
Leading CHP SOFC Companies .. 133
TABLE 24 LEADING SOFC CHP COMPANIES .. 133
Leading Generators, Remote, and APU SOFC Companies 134
TABLE 25 LEADING SOFC GENERATORS, REMOTE, AND APU
COMPANIES .... 134
Leading Military SOFC Companies .. 134
TABLE 26 LEADING MILITARY SOFC COMPANIES . 135
Leading Portable SOFC Companies . 135
TABLE 27 LEADING PORTABLE SOFC COMPANIES 135
Leading Exotic SOFC Companies 136
TABLE 28 LEADING EXOTIC SOFC COMPANIES . 136
CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION 136
TABLE 29 SOFC DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS .. 136
TABLE 29 (CONTINUED) .... 137
PURCHASING INFLUENCES 138
PRICE INFLUENCE 138
TABLE 30 SOFC PURCHASING INFLUENCES . 138
PRICE TRENDS ... 138
FIGURE 11 DRIVING DOWN COSTS FOR FUEL CELLS (ORDER OF
MAGNITUDE COST REDUCTION) ($/KW) .... 139
TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE . 140
TECHNOLOGY LIFE CYCLE (CONTINUED) .... 141
MANUFACTURING PROCESS .... 142
FIGURE 12 SOFC MANUFACTURING TREE .... 142
FIGURE 13 SOFC MANUFACTURING FLOW .... 143
MANUFACTURING PROCESS (CONTINUED) . 144
SOFC PATENTS ... 145
TABLE 31 RECENT SOFC PATENT ASSIGNEES .. 146
TABLE 31 (CONTINUED) .... 147
TABLE 32 SOFC PATENTS 148
TABLE 32 (CONTINUED) .... 149
TABLE 32 (CONTINUED) .... 150
TABLE 32 (CONTINUED) .... 151
TABLE 32 (CONTINUED) .... 152
TABLE 32 (CONTINUED) .... 153
CHAPTER SEVEN: COMPANY PROFILES ... 154
ACUMENTRICS HOLDING CORP. .. 154
ACUMENTRICS HOLDING CORP. (CONTINUED) .... 155
ADAPTIVE MATERIALS, INC. (ULTRA ELECTRONICS) 156
ADAPTIVE MATERIALS, INC… (CONTINUED) .... 157
ADAPTIVE MATERIALS, INC… (CONTINUED) .... 158
ADELAN U.K., LTD. . 159
ADVANCED MATERIALS TECHNOLOGIES (ACCURON
TECHNOLOGIES) .... 160
ADVANCED MEASUREMENTS, INC. .. 160
ALPPS FUEL CELL SYSTEMS .... 161
ALSTOM TECHNOLOGY, INC. ... 161
ALTAIR NANOTECHNOLOGIES, INC. 162
BTU INTERNATIONAL, INC. . 163
THE BABCOCK & WILCOX CO. (MCDERMOTT INTERNATIONAL). 164
BABCOCK-HITACHI K.K. . 164
BHP BILLITON, LTD. .... 165
BLOOM ENERGY . 166
BLOOM ENERGY (CONTINUED) ... 167
BLOOM ENERGY (CONTINUED) ... 168
BLOOM ENERGY (CONTINUED) ... 169
CELLTECH POWER, LLC .. 170
CERAMATEC, INC. ... 170
CERAMIC FUEL CELLS, LTD. .... 171
CERAMIC FUEL CELLS, LTD. (CONTINUED) . 172
CERAMIC FUEL CELLS, LTD. (CONTINUED) . 173
CERAMIC FUEL CELLS, LTD. (CONTINUED) . 174
CERAMIC FUEL CELLS, LTD. (CONTINUED) . 175
CERES POWER HOLDINGS ... 176
CERES POWER HOLDINGS (CONTINUED) 177
CERES POWER HOLDINGS (CONTINUED) 178
CERES POWER HOLDINGS (CONTINUED) 179
CHEVRON TECHNOLOGY VENTURES ... 180
CHUBU ELECTRIC POWER COMPANY, INC. .. 181
CMR PROTOTECH ... 182
CUMMINS POWER GENERATION, INC. . 183
DANA CANADA CORP. . 183
DELPHI CORP. 184
DELPHI CORP. (CONTINUED) .. 185
DIGITAL GAS, INC. .. 186
EBZ ENTWICKLUNGS .. 187
EDISON ELECTRIC INSTITUTE 187
ELCOGEN AS .. 188
EMPRISE CORPORATION 188
ENERGIENED . 188
ENRG, INC. . 189
ENRG, INC. (CONTINUED) ... 190
ENTWICKLUNGS UND VERTRIEBSGESELLSCHAFT
BRENNSTOFFZELLE ... 191
FEV MOTORENTECHNIK GMBH ... 192
FIDERIS . 192
FORSCHUNGSZENTRUM JUELICH ... 193
FRANKLIN ADVANCED MATERIALS . 193
FUEL CELL TECHNOLOGIES .... 194
FUELCELL ENERGY, INC. .... 194
FUELCELL ENERGY, INC. (CONTINUED) .. 195
FUEL CELLS (SCOTLAND), LTD. ... 196
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY ... 196
GEORGE WESTINGHOUSE RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY
PARK . 197
GLOBAL THERMOELECTRIC, INC. (FUELCELL ENERGY) .... 197
GOETA TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPER INTERNATIONAL .... 198
HABCO, INC. ... 199
HALDOR TOPSOE A/S/TOPSOE FUEL CELL .... 199
HALDOR TOPSOE A/S/TOPSOE … (CONTINUED) ... 200
HALDOR TOPSOE A/S/TOPSOE … (CONTINUED) ... 201
HALDOR TOPSOE A/S/TOPSOE … (CONTINUED) ... 202
HC STARCK GMBH .. 203
HEXIS, LTD. .... 204
HTCERAMIX SA ... 205
HOSOKAWA POWDER TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH INSTITUTE. 205
INTERTEC SOUTHWEST, INC. .. 206
K-STYLE ADVANCED CERAMICS CO., LTD. .... 206
KAINOS ENERGY CORP. (NANOGRAM) .. 206
KANSAI ELECTRIC POWER CO., INC. 207
LOGANENERGY CORP. 208
MATERIALS & SYSTEMS RESEARCH, INC. 208
MATERIALS & SYSTEMS ... (CONTINUED) 209
MEIDENSHA CORP. . 210
MERIDIAN ENERGY, LTD. .... 211
MERLONI TERMOSANITARI SPA (ARISTON THERMO GROUP) 211
MESOSCOPIC DEVICES LLC 212
MORPHIC TECHNOLOGIES .. 212
NANODYNAMICS, INC. 213
NATIONAL FUEL CELL RESEARCH CENTER . 214
NEXTECH MATERIALS, LTD. .... 215
NEXTECH MATERIALS, LTD. (CONTINUED) .. 216
NGIMAT CO. .... 217
NGK INSULATORS, LTD. .. 218
NIPPON SHOKUBAI CO., LTD. .. 219
NIPPON TELEGRAPH & TELEPHONE CORP. .. 219
NIPPON TELEGRAPH & TELEPHONE ... (CONTINUED) ... 220
NOAH TECHNOLOGIES CORP. . 221
ONTARIO POWER GENERATION, INC. ... 221
PLANSEE SE ... 221
PLUG POWER, INC. . 222
POHANG IRON AND STEEL COMPANY (POSCO) . 223
PRECISION FLOW TECHNOLOGIES .. 224
PRESIDIO COMPONENTS, INC. 224
PROTONEX 225
RAGAN TECHNOLOGIES, INC. .. 226
RISØ NATIONAL LABORATORY 228
ROLLS-ROYCE FUEL CELL SYSTEMS, LTD 229
SAFCELL …. 230
SANDVIK …. 231
SHELL HYDROGEN BV 232
SIEMENS POWER GENERATION, INC. … 233
SIENERGY SYSTEMS (ALLIED MINDS) .. 235
SOFCPOWER SLC …. 236
SOLID STATE ENERGY CONVERSION ALLIANCE … 237
STANFORD MATERIALS CORP. 238
STATOIL ASA .. 239
STAXERA GMBH (SUNFIRE) . 239
SULZER HEXIS AG .. 242
SUMITOMO CORP. … 242
TOKYO GAS CO., LTD. .. 243
TOSOH CORP. CERAMICS DIVISION . 243
TOTO, LTD. . 244
TOYOTA . 244
TOYOTA (CONTINUED) … 245
TABLE 33 TOYOTA POWER GENERATING UNIT SPECIFICATIONS … 246
VAILLANT GMBH …. 246
VERSA POWER SYSTEMS, INC. 247
VIOLET FUEL CELL STICKS 250
WÄRTSILÄ CORP. …. 251
WÄRTSILÄ CORP. (CONTINUED) .. 252
WATT FUEL CELL CORP. . 253
WEBASTO AG . 254
WORLDWIDE ENERGY, LLC . 255
ZTEK CORP. …. 256
ZTEK CORP. (CONTINUED) .. 257
APPENDIX U.S. PATENTS THAT MENTION SOFCS . 258
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