Solving the oxygen problem in cell-based drug delivery

Localized oxygen generation supports dense clusters of drug-producing cells in a compact implant

HOUSTON, March 27, 2026 /PRNewswire/ -- Implanting living cells as long-term drug producers could transform treatment for numerous diseases, but it is difficult to house the tiny workers in quantities high enough to ensure dosage needs are met while also keeping the cells alive and thriving.

Researchers at Rice University and collaborators at Carnegie Mellon University and Northwestern University have now successfully integrated solutions to several persistent challenges to implantable drug factories into a single device. According to a new study, the Hybrid Oxygenation Bioelectronics system for Implanted Therapy, or HOBIT, shields a sufficient number of cells from the host immune system in a comfortably small volume while also providing access to oxygen and nutrients.

HOBIT is designed to be placed under the skin — an area that can be accessed via minimally-invasive surgery and is relatively low risk, but which tends to be poorly oxygenated compared to more vascularized tissues.

"When they are packed into dense clusters, cells compete with each other for oxygen," said Chris Wright, a Rice Ph.D. student who is a first author on a study reporting the findings published in the journal Device. "Under the skin, there simply is not enough local supply to support the number of cells you would need for a clinically meaningful dose."

To address this, HOBIT incorporates a miniaturized electrocatalytic oxygenator, i.e. an oxygen-making machine that uses an iridium oxide-based surface that uses electricity supplied by an on-board battery to split water present in surrounding tissue to generate oxygen locally, without producing harmful byproducts.

"Our collaborative efforts are highly unique, a combination of energy research, with bioengineering - toward efficiently providing oxygen to the cell factories," said Tzahi Cohen-Karni, a professor of materials science engineering and biomedical engineering and at Carnegie Mellon University.

Earlier versions of the oxygen-generating chip required external wiring. In the current study, the oxygenator, battery and electronics are fully integrated into a wireless, implantable system that can be remotely adjusted to modulate oxygen production.

"We are producing oxygen directly where the cells need it," said Jonathan Rivnay, the Jerome B. Cohen Professor in Engineering at Northwestern University. "That allows us to support much higher cell densities in a much smaller space: Cell densities in HOBIT were roughly six times higher than conventional unoxygenated encapsulation approaches."

The compact device roughly the size of a folded stock of gum also houses a cell chamber designed to protect the cells from the host immune system while also allowing for nutrients and secreted biologics to flow unimpeded. HOBIT achieves this with a two-stage encapsulation approach: Engineered cells are first microencapsulated in alginate hydrogel beads and then the microcapsules are loaded into a larger chamber consisting of a semipermeable membrane.

The encapsulated cells were engineered to continuously produce three biologic molecules representing different therapeutic classes and half-lives: an antibody, a hormone and an exenatide, which is a GLP-1-like molecule.

"In addition to solving the oxygenation and cell density problem, the HOBIT platform is also proof of concept that cell factories can be engineered to produce multiple biologic molecules simultaneously," said Omid Veiseh, a professor of bioengineering at Rice who is a corresponding author on the study.

Veiseh is also a Cancer Prevention and Research institute of Texas Scholar and serves as director of the Rice Biotech Launch Pad, an accelerator focused on expediting the translation of the university's health and medical technology discoveries into cures. Together with collaborators, Veiseh has been working to make implantable cell factories a clinical reality across several different projects.

"The results are very encouraging — HOBIT brings us significantly closer to clinically viable platform," Veiseh said. "If you can compact cells and keep them alive, you open the door to more sophisticated therapies — multiple cell types, regulated secretion, integration with sensing electronics — all within a retrievable device."

To evaluate performance, the team implanted oxygenated and non-oxygenated control devices in rats for 30 days. Blood measurements showed sustained levels of all three biologics throughout the study period in animals receiving oxygenated implants. In contrast, short-half-life biologics became undetectable by day seven in animals implanted with the control devices, while longer-half-life molecules declined steadily over time.

At the end of the testing period, roughly 65% of the cells in the oxygenated devices had remained viable compared to roughly 20% in control devices.

Next, the team plans to pursue larger-animal studies and disease-specific applications, including for diabetes, where transplanted pancreatic islets have high yet variable oxygen demands.

"Many groups are working to make drugs last longer or require less intensive dosing regimens," Veiseh said. "Cell therapy offers a different approach, with a single implant that continuously produces the biologic. Our goal is to provide the engineering framework that makes that feasible."

The research was supported by Breakthrough T1D (3-SRA-2024-1564-S-B), the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (FA8650-21-2-7119), the Carnegie Mellon University Department of Materials Science and Engineering Materials Characterization Facility (MCF-677785) and the Claire and John Bertucci Nanotechnology Laboratory. The content in this press release is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of funding entities.

This news release can be found online at news.rice.edu.

Follow Rice News and Media Relations via Twitter @RiceUNews.

Peer-reviewed paper: 

Design of a wireless, fully implantable platform for in-situ oxygenation of encapsulated cell therapies | Device | DOI: 10.1016/j.device.2026.101106

Authors: Chris Wright, Abhijith Surendran, Inkyu Lee, Juan Villacres, Alex Ezerins, Alexander Curtiss, Nathan Brown, Junyi Liu, Blaine Rothrock, Han Wang, Cody Fell, Anthony Davis, Josiah Hester, Tzahi Cohen-Karni, Jonathan Rivnay and Omid Veiseh

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.device.2026.101106 

Access associated media files:

https://rice.box.com/s/vee9qobifh7hsvaojdy62w9134805qgk
Credit: Jared Jones/Rice University

About Rice:

Located on a 300-acre forested campus in Houston, Texas, Rice University is consistently ranked among the nation's top 20 universities by U.S. News & World Report. Rice has highly respected schools of architecture, business, continuing studies, engineering and computing, humanities, music, natural sciences and social sciences and is home to the Baker Institute for Public Policy. Internationally, the university maintains the Rice Global Paris Center, a hub for innovative collaboration, research and inspired teaching located in the heart of Paris. With 4,776 undergraduates and 4,104 graduate students, Rice's undergraduate student-to-faculty ratio is just under 6-to-1. Its residential college system builds close-knit communities and lifelong friendships, just one reason why Rice is ranked No. 1 for lots of race/class interaction and No. 7 for best-run colleges by the Princeton Review. Rice is also rated as a best value among private universities by the Wall Street Journal and is included on Forbes' exclusive list of "New Ivies."

If you do not wish to receive news releases from Rice University, reply to this email and write "unsubscribe" in the subject line. Office of News and Media Relations – MS 300, Rice University, 6100 Main St., Houston, TX 77005.

Declaration of Interests:
C.W., A.S., N.B., C.F., O.V., T.C.-K., and J.R. are co-inventors on a U.S. provisional patent application with application serial number PCT/US2025/035339 jointly filed by Rice University and Northwestern University. J.R., T.C.-K. and O.V. are co-founders of a company, DuraCyte, Inc. The authors declare no other competing interests.

Chris Stipes
713-348-6778
[email protected]

Silvia Cernea Clark
713-348-6728
[email protected]

SOURCE Rice University