World Combined Heat & Power (CHP): Micro, Small and Large-Scale
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Combined heat and power (CHP) systems were responsible for just under 10% of global electrical power generation capacity in 2011. CHP is a set of power generation technologies that provides both heat in the form of steam or hot water and electricity from a single system. These systems include a prime mover to convert fuel into electricity, a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) to generate the process heat and perhaps a boiler if the system burns coal or wood waste to run a steam turbine.
The CHP market has been driven by China in the last five years, as that country's fast paced electrical generation capacity increases have significantly bolstered the CHP market in the country. However, China's power capacity growth is slowing, resulting in an essentially flat global CHP market between 2007 and 2011, posting a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of just 0.4% for the period to reach a value of $19.3 billion. The CHP market has been much stronger in the U.S. and Germany, with both countries achieving near 20% CAGR between 2007 and 2011. The small-CHP market has experienced an incredible CAGR of 24.8% in the same period on the strength of micro-CHP (under 5 kW) sales in Japan and small-CHP (up to 1 MW) sales in Germany. Spark spread and government incentives are the two main driving forces behind the CHP market, although each has a different effect for different market segments. The U.S. market has been up and down over the period, and has been lower than what was experienced in the first part of the decade, because of the lack of strong government support and dropping natural gas prices. Germany, on the other hand, has a strong feed in tariff policy that is continuing to drive the CHP market in the country and will continue to do so in the long term. In Japan, exceptionally large subsidies for micro-CHP systems continue to accelerate that segment of the CHP market in the country. Natural gas turbines continue to provide most CHP electricity generation in the U.S. and Europe, but it is reciprocating engine-based CHP systems that are the most numerous. The most common type of fuel in use for CHP systems in most countries is natural gas. The major exception is China where coal is still the dominant fuel being used in many of the country's district heating systems. Countries such as Sweden, Switzerland, Norway and Finland have over 30% of CHP electricity generation from renewable fuels such as wood waste and municipal waste. The CHP market will continue to experience slow growth over the next five years. However, SBI Energy expects global electricity costs to rise faster than the cost of natural gas in the long term, leading to a much stronger CHP market through the end of the decade. By 2021, there will be 651 gigawatts (GW) of CHP capacity installed worldwide, and the global CHP market will be worth $43.1 billion. The small-CHP segment will continue to grow faster than the overall CHP market, achieving a CAGR of 12.2% between 2012 and 2021 and growing to be worth a little over 6% of the global CHP market.
Chapter 1: Executive Summary
Scope
The CHP Market
Table 1-1: The Global CHP Market by Country, 2007-2011 (in million $)
China
Figure 1-1: New China CHP Capacity by Year, 2007-2011 (in MW & percentage of new power capacity)
The German CHP Market
United States
The Small- & Micro-CHP Segment
Table 1-2: The Global Small-CHP Market by Country, 2007-2011 (in million $)
CHP Market Forecast
Figure 1-2: Global CHP Market Forecast, 2007-2011 (in billion $ & percentage of new power capacity)
Table 1-3: New CHP Capacity Forecast by Country, 2012-2021 (in MW)
Table 1-4: New Small-CHP Capacity Forecast by CHP Type, 2012-2021 (in MW)
Trends in Combined Heat & Power
Figure 1-3: Top CHP Countries by Percentage of Total Capacity that is CHP, 2010 (in GW of total power generation capacity and & percent CHP capacity)
CHP Heat Production & Consumption
Table 1-5: CHP Heat Production by Country, 2006-2010 (in trillion Btu)
Small CHP Use
Drivers & Barriers for CHP
Regulations, Incentives and FITs
Low Spark Spreads Affecting CHP Adoption
Figure 1-4: Spark Spreads for the U.S., Germany and the EU, 2000-2011 (in c/kWh)
CHP Manufacturing Costs
Table 1-6: Average Metal Prices, 2002-2011 (price in $/lb)
Employment Trends in CHP
Table 1-7: CHP Jobs by Country, 2007-2021 (in number of jobs)
District Heating & Cooling (DHC) Trends
Trends in CHP for Industrial Applications
Table 1-8: CHP Use in the Pulp & Paper Industry for Key Countries (in MW)
CHP & Renewables
CHP Demographics
CHP Demographics in China
European CHP Demographics
CHP Demographics in the U.S.
Figure 1-5 :CHP Electricity Production in the U.S. by Fuel, 2007, 2011 (in percent)
CHP Demographics in Japan
Chapter 2: Introduction
Scope
Methodology
Definitions
Introduction to CHP
Figure 2-1: Block Diagram of a CHP Plant
Advantages and Disadvantages of CHP Systems
Figure 2-2: Typical Energy Input & Losses for Conventional Heat & Power Generation and CHP (in generic units of energy)
Table 2-1: Advantages & Disadvantages of CHP Systems
Typical CHP Prime Movers
Table 2-2: Advantages & Disadvantages of Different CHP Prime Movers
Gas Turbines
Figure 2-3: A typical Gas Turbine CHP System
Steam Turbines
Figure 2-4: A typical Steam Turbine CHP System
Microturbines
Figure 2-5: Schematic of a Microturbine
Reciprocating Engines
Other Prime Movers
Fuels Used in CHP
Heat Exchange Systems
Heat Recovery System Generators
Absorption Chillers
Primary CHP Applications
Industrial Applications
Commercial Applications
District Heating
Chapter 3: The World CHP Market
Figure 3-1: World CHP Capacity, 2007-2011 (in GW)
Figure 3-2: The Global CHP Market, 2007-2011 (in billion $)
The CHP Market by Region
Table 3-1: The Global CHP Market by Country, 2007-2011 (in million $)
Figure 3-3: Regional Breakdown of the World CHP Market, 2007, 2011 (in percent)
Germany
Figure 3-4: New German CHP Capacity by Year, 2007-2011 (in MW & percentage of new power capacity)
United States
Figure 3-5: New U.S. CHP Capacity by Year, 2007-2011 (in MW & percentage of new power capacity)
China
Figure 3-6: New China CHP Capacity by Year, 2007-2011 (in MW & percentage of new power capacity)
Other Key Countries
Figure 3-7: Cumulative CHP Capacity of Other Major CHP Countries, 2011 (in MW)
Figure 3-8: The CHP Market of Russia, South Korea & the UK, 2007-2011 (in million $)
The Small- & Micro-CHP Segment
Figure 3-9: The Global Small-CHP Market, 2007-2011 (in million $)
Figure 3-10: New Small-CHP Capacity by Country, 2007-2011 (in MW)
CHP Market Forecast
Figure 3-11: Global CHP Capacity Forecast by Country, 2012-2021 (in GW).
Figure 3-12: Global CHP Market Forecast, 2007-2011 (in billion $ & percentage of new power capacity)
Market Forecast for Key CHP Countries
Figure 3-13: World CHP Market Forecast by Country, 2007-2011 (in percent)
Table 3-2: New CHP Capacity Forecast by Country, 2012-2021 (in MW)
Germany Forecast
Figure 3-14: German CHP Market Forecast, 2012-2021 (in million $)
U.S. CHP Market Forecast
Table 3-3: U.S. Planned CHP Capacity Additions, 2012-2016 (in MW)
Figure 3-15: Planned CHP Capacity Additions in the U.S. by Prime Mover, 2012-2016 (in percent)
China Forecast
Figure 3-16: CHP Installation Forecast for China, 2012-2021 (in MW & percentage of new power capacity)
Small- & Micro-CHP Segment Forecast
Figure 3-17: Global Small-CHP Market Forecast, 2012-2021 (in million $)
Table 3-4: New Small-CHP Capacity Forecast by CHP Type, 2012-2021 (in MW)
Chapter 4: Trends
World Energy Production & Consumption
Figure 4-1: World Primary Energy Consumption, 2000-2010 (in quadrillion Btu)
Electricity Consumption & Production
Figure 4-2: Total Global Electricity Generation, 2006-2010 (in TWh)
Figure 4-3: Top 10 Countries for Electricity Generation, 2010 (in percent)
CHP Heat Production & Consumption
Figure 4-4: CHP Heat Production by Country, 2009 (in trillion Btu)
Table 4-1: CHP Heat Production by Country, 2006-2010 (in trillion Btu)
Use of CHP Around the World
Figure 4-5: Top CHP Countries by Percentage of Total Capacity that is CHP, 2010 (in GW of total power generation capacity and & percent CHP capacity)
Germany
Figure 4-6: German CHP Electricity Production, 2006-2010 (in TWh & percentage of total power generation)
United States
Figure 4-7: U.S. CHP Electricity Production, 2006-2010 (in TWh & percentage of total power generation)
China
Rest of Europe
Table 4-2: CHP Electricity Generation by Country, 2005-2009 (in GWh)
Small CHP Use
Japan
Figure 4-8: Installed Small-CHP Base, 2007-2011 (in thousands of systems installed)
Germany
UK
Table 4-3: UK small-CHP installations, 2006-2010 (in number and MW)
Drivers & Barriers for CHP
Figure 4-9: CHP Market Factors
Low Spark Spreads Affecting CHP Adoption
Figure 4-10: Spark Spreads for the U.S., Germany and the EU, 2000-2011 (in c/kWh)
Table 4-4: Electricity Prices, Gas Prices & Spark Spreads for Key CHP Countries, 2000-2011 (in c/kWh)
Regulations, Incentives and FITs
Table 4-5: CHP Regulations for Key CHP Market Countries, 2012
CHP Manufacturing Costs
Table 4-6: Breakdown of Power Plant Construction Costs, 2010 (in percent)
Figure 4-11: Producer Price Index for Generator Sets, Turbines & Motors, 2004-2011 (index)
Figure 4-12: Metal Prices, 2000-2011 (index, January 2000=100)
Employment Trends in CHP
Table 4-7: CHP Jobs by Employment Sector, 2007-2021 (in number of jobs)
Table 4-8: CHP Jobs by Country, 2007-2021 (in number of jobs)
District Heating & Cooling Trends
Figure 4-13: District Heating by Country, 2009 (in trillion Btu)
DHC in Europe: Russia & Germany Lead
DHC in China
DHC in the U.S.
Table 4-9: U.S. CHP District Heat Capacities by State, 2010 (in MW)
DHC in South Korea
Table 4-10: KDHC Heat Supply by End User, 2006-2011 (in Trillion Btu)
Trends in CHP for Industrial Applications
Figure 4-14: New CHP Capacity Added in the U.S. by Industry, 2006-2010 (in percent)
Pulp & Paper Industry
Table 4-11: CHP Use in the Pulp & Paper Industry for Key Countries (in MW)
Chemical Industry
CHP in the Brazilian & Indian Sugar Industries is Growing
CHP & Renewables
Table 4-12: Use of Renewable Fuels with CHP by Country, 2009 (in percent)
Biofuels and Wood
Table 4-13: Countries with CHP Electricity Production over 1 GWh from Wood waste, 2009 (in GWh)
Municipal & Industrial Waste
Table 4-14: Countries with CHP Electricity Production over 1 GWh from Municipal & Industrial Waste, 2009 (in GWh)
Carbon Abatement with CHP
Figure 4-15: Global CO2 Emissions & Amount of CO2 Reduced by CHP Use, 2006-2010 (in Gt of CO2)
Research Trends
Chapter 5: Demographics
CHP in China
Fuel Use
Figure 5-1: China Energy Production by Fuel, 2009 (in percent)
CHP Use in Europe
Figure 5-2: CHP Electricity Production in the EU by Type of Producer, 2009 (in percent)
Fuel Use in the EU
Figure 5-3: CHP Plant Electricity Production in the EU by Fuel, 2009 (in percent)
Use of Thermal Energy in the EU
Table 5-1v Top EU Countries for CHP Thermal Energy Use, 2004-2008 (in Billion Btu)
CHP in Key European Countries: Germany & the Netherlands
Figure 5-4: German & Dutch CHP Electricity Production by Fuel, 2009 (in percent)
Figure 5-5: CHP Electricity Production in the Netherlands by Prime Mover, 2010 (in percent)
User Demographics
Figure 5-6: German & Dutch CHP Electricity Production by Type of Producer, 2009 (in percent)
CHP Use in the U.S.
Figure 5-7: CHP Electricity Production in the U.S. by Prime Mover, 2007, 2011 (in percent)
Fuel Use
Figure 5-8: CHP Electricity Production in the U.S. by Fuel, 2007, 2011 (in percent)
User Demographics
Figure 5-9: CHP Electricity Production in the U.S. by Type of Producer, 2007, 2011 (in percent)
Table 5-2: U.S. CHP Capacity by Sector, 2010* (in MW)
Heat Use
Figure 5-10: Total Useful Heat Produced by CHP in the U.S., 2004-2010 (in trillion Btu)
Figure 5-11: CHP Heat Production in the U.S. by Fuel, 2007, 2010 (in percent)
CHP in Japan
Figure 5-12: CHP Capacity in Japan by Fuel Use & Prime Mover, March 2011 (in percent)
User Demographics
Table 5-3: Japanese CHP Capacity by End User, March 2011 (in MW installed & number of units)
Chapter 6: Competitors
Component Manufacturers
Gas Turbine & Microturbine Manufacturers
Figure 6-1: Power Plant Gas Turbine Market Share by Manufacturer, 2010 (in percent)
Table 6-1: Select Gas Turbine and Microturbine Manufacturers, 2012
GE Energy
Figure 6-2: GE's Total Revenue & Energy Business Unit Revenue, 2007-2011 (in billion $)
Siemens
Figure 6-3: Siemens Total Revenue & Fossil Power Generation Revenue, 2007-2011 (in billion euros)
Capstone Turbine Corporation
Figure 6-4: Capstone's Revenue & Net Income, FY2007-FY2011 (in million $)
Steam Turbine Manufacturers
Table 6-2: Select Steam Turbine Manufacturers, 2012
Alstom
Figure 6-5: Alstom Total Revenue & Revenues for its Thermal Power & Renewables Segments, FY2007/08-FY2011/12 (in billion euros)
Reciprocating Engine Manufacturers
Table 6-3: Select Reciprocating Engine Manufacturers, 2012
Caterpillar
Figure 6-6: Caterpillar's Total Revenue & Electric Power Segment Revenue, 2007-2011* (in billion $)
Boiler/Waste Heat Boiler Manufacturers
Table 6-4: Select Boiler/Waste Heat Boiler Manufacturers, 2012
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries
Figure 6-7: MHI's Total Revenue & Power Systems Segment Revenue, FY2006-FY2011* (in billion yen)
Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) Manufacturers
Table 6-5: Select HRSG Manufacturers, 2012
Nooter/Eriksen
CHP Package Manufacturers & Integrators
Table 6-6: Select Small-CHP Manufacturers, 2012
Table 6-7: Select Mid-sized CHP Manufacturers, 2012
2G Energy
Overview
Performance
Figure 6-8: 2G's Revenue & Net Income, 2007-2011* (in million euros)
Products
Table 6-8: 2G's CHP Product Line, 2012
New Developments
Dresser-Rand
Overview
Performance
Figure 6-9: Dresser-Rand Revenue, 2007-2011* (in million $)
Products
Table 6-9: Dresser-Rand's CHP Product Line, 2012
New Developments
ENER-G
Overview
Performance
Figure 6-10: ENER-G's Revenue & Net Income, FY2007-FY2011 (in million pounds)
Products
Table 6-10 ENER-G's CHP Product Line, 2012
New Developments
Tognum (MTU Onsite Energy)
Overview
Performance
Figure 6-11: Tognum's Total Revenue & Onsite Energy Segment Revenue, 2007-2011 (in million euros)
Products
Table 6-11: MTU Onsite Energy's CHP Product Line, 2012
New Developments
Micro-CHP Manufacturers
Table 6-12: Select Micro-CHP Manufacturers by Prime Mover Technology, 2012
Honda
Figure 6-12: Honda's Cumulative ECOWILL Sales, FY2003-FY2010 (in units)
Panasonic (Ene-Farm)
BDR Thermea
Table 6-13: BDR Thermea's Product Line, 2012
Appendix: Company Contact Information
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