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deCODE genetics: Eineiig aber nicht identisch
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News provided by

DeCODE Genetics Inc

Jan 07, 2021, 11:00 ET

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Durch Sequenzierung der Keimbahn-Genome von Zwillingen und Vergleich mit denen von nahen Verwandten fanden Wissenschaftler von deCODE genetics Mutationen, die nur in einem von zwei eineiigen Zwillinge vorhanden sind, und verfolgten sie bis in die ersten Tage nach der Empfängnis zurück.

REYKJAVIK, Island, 7. Januar 2021 /PRNewswire/ -- In dem heute in Nature Genetics veröffentlichten Artikel Differences between germline genomes of monozygotic twins suchten Wissenschaftler von deCODE genetics nach Mutationen, die nur in einem von zwei eineiigen Zwillingen vorhanden waren.

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deCODE twins
deCODE twins

Bei der Untersuchung der Humangenetik wird häufig angenommen, dass die Genome eineiiger Zwillinge identisch sind, und Unterschiede zwischen ihnen wurden eher auf die Umwelt als auf die Genetik zurückgeführt. Diese Annahme wurde im Laufe der Jahrhunderte verwendet, um den Beitrag von Genetik und Umwelt zu Krankheiten und anderen Phänotypen zu entwirren.

Die Wissenschaftler fanden zwei Gruppen von Zwillingspaaren, eine, in der Zwillinge Mutationen teilen, und eine, in der die Entwicklungsmutationen nur in einem von ihnen mit hoher Häufigkeit vorhanden sind.

"Mutationen können gebildet werden, wenn sich Zellen teilen und die Tochterzellen eine Mutation tragen, die die Nachkommen der mutierten Zelle innerhalb eines Individuums markiert. Mutationen, die nur bei einem der Zwillinge vorhanden sind, ermöglichen es uns daher, sie zu den Zellteilungen zurückzuverfolgen, die zur Entwicklung der Zwillinge führen", sagt Hákon Jónsson, Wissenschaftler bei deCODE Genetics und Autor des Papiers.

Bemerkenswerterweise deutet diese Rückverfolgung von Mutationen, die sich zwischen Zwillingen unterscheiden, darauf hin, dass die Mutationen in den ersten Tagen der Embryonalentwicklung gebildet werden, wenn der Embryo aus einigen Zellen besteht.

"Diese beiden Gruppen eineiiger Zwillinge geben Einblicke in die Entwicklung des Embryos nur wenige Zellteilungen nach der Empfängnis, wenn der Embryo aus einigen Zellen besteht", sagt Kari Stefansson, CEO von deCODE genetics. "Dies sind aufregende Zeiten, in denen wir mithilfe von Mutationen die Entwicklung des Menschen in diesen ersten Entwicklungsstadien beleuchten können."

Hákon Jónsson und Kollegen sequenzierten die Genome von 387 Paaren identischer Zwillinge und ihrer Eltern, Ehepartner und Kinder, um die Mutationsdivergenz zu verfolgen. Die Autoren fanden heraus, dass sich Zwillinge im Durchschnitt um 5,2 frühe Entwicklungsmutationen unterscheiden. In ungefähr 15% der Zwillingspaare trägt ein Zwilling eine hohe Anzahl dieser Mutationen, die der andere Zwilling nicht hat.

Körperliche oder Verhaltensunterschiede zwischen identischen Zwillingen werden normalerweise auf Umweltfaktoren zurückgeführt, unter der Annahme, dass die genetischen Unterschiede zwischen den Paaren minimal sind. Autismus und andere Entwicklungsstörungen, die ein Zwilling in einem Paar haben könnte, sind jedoch mit genetischen Mutationen verbunden. Die Autoren schließen daraus, dass die Rolle genetischer Faktoren bei der Bildung solcher phänotypischer Unterschiede unterschätzt wurde.

Foto - https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1395021/deCODE_twins.jpg

Thora Kristin Asgeirsdottir, PR and Communications deCODE genetics, 00354 -570 1909, 00354 -894 1909, [email protected]

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