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deCODE genetics: Häufigkeit, Art und Übertragung von Mutationen der mitochondrialen DNA beim Menschen
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deCODE genetics

Jun 07, 2024, 11:00 ET

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Eine neue Studie von deCODE genetics verwendet Stammbäume und Sequenzdaten von 64.806 Isländern, um die Häufigkeit und Art von Mutationen in der mitochondrialen DNA (mtDNA) und die besondere Dynamik der mütterlichen Übertragung zu beleuchten

REYKJAVIK, Island , 7. Juni 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- In einer heute in Cell veröffentlichten Forschungsarbeit präsentieren Wissenschaftler von deCODE genetics, einer Tochtergesellschaft von Amgen, die bisher größte Studie über Keimbahnmutationen der mtDNA beim Menschen und deren Übertragung bei 116.663 Mutter-Kind-Paaren. Die Studie dokumentiert das erstaunliche Ausmaß der Hypermutabilität an einigen Stellen der mtDNA, darunter die bekannte schädliche A>G-Mutation an Position 3243, die das MELAS-Syndrom verursacht. Die Mutation trat in den 2.548 matrilinearen Stammbäumen 15 Mal auf, verschwand aber in der Regel nach mehreren Generationen, da sie sich stark auf die Gesundheit der Träger auswirkte.

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Kari Stefansson senior author on the paper and CEO of deCODE genetics with Agnar Helgason and Erla Rut Arnadottir, scientists at deCODE genetics and authors on the paper
Kari Stefansson senior author on the paper and CEO of deCODE genetics with Agnar Helgason and Erla Rut Arnadottir, scientists at deCODE genetics and authors on the paper

Insgesamt wurden robuste Belege für eine Selektion gegen viele solcher kurzlebigen, schädlichen mtDNA-Mutationen in den Stammbäumen gefunden. Das deCODE-Team berichtete auch über Beweise für eine frühere umfangreiche negative Selektion auf Mitochondrien, die sogenannte Keimbahnselektion, bei der schlecht funktionierende mitochondriale DNA-Moleküle während der Entwicklung von Eizellen aussortiert werden. Schließlich nutzten sie die große Anzahl von Übertragungen von mtDNA-Mutationen in den Stammbäumen, um zuverlässig zu schätzen, dass Individuen im Durchschnitt nur etwa 3 Einheiten mtDNA von ihren Müttern erben – weniger als frühere Studien nahegelegt hatten.

„Es ist bemerkenswert, dass die Hunderttausenden von mtDNA, die von den Eizellen getragen werden, von nur etwa drei mtDNA-Moleküle abstammen, die ursprünglich von der Mutter getragen wurden", so Agnar Helgason, einer der Autoren der Studie. „Dieser drastische Engpass bestimmt die hohe Geschwindigkeit, mit der neue Mutationen in der mtDNA-Keimbahn innerhalb von nur einer Handvoll Generationen in einem Stammbaum verloren gehen oder fixiert werden können, und muss teilweise auf einen Selektionsprozess während der Entwicklung der Eizellen zurückzuführen sein, bei dem mtDNA-Moleküle mit schädlichen Mutationen aus der Keimbahn entfernt werden."

„Diese Studie bringt uns dem Verständnis der außergewöhnlichen Variation der Mutationsraten in den Nukleotiden des mtDNA-Genoms einige Schritte näher, sogar zwischen verschiedenen Allelen an derselben Position", berichtet Kári Stefánsson, CEO bei deCODE und korrespondierender Autor der Studie. „Leider ist es die Hypermutabilität einiger pathogener Mutationen, die zu ihrer starken Verbreitung geführt haben und so leichter entdeckt werden können. Unsere Ergebnisse legen jedoch nahe, dass viele seltenere pathogene mtDNA-Mutationen, die für die Krankheitslast in menschlichen Populationen verantwortlich sind, noch entdeckt werden müssen.

Video: https://vimeo.com/953941695/4467620687?share=copy

KONTAKT:
Thora Kristin Asgeirsdottir
deCODE genetics
354 894 1909
E-Mail: thoraa@decode.is

Foto – https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/2432556/deCODE_genetics_Kari_Erla_Agnar.jpg
Logo – https://mma.prnewswire.com/media/1535464/deCODE_genetics_Amgen_Logo.jpg

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