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Imunoterapia aumenta a sobrevida de pacientes com câncer de pulmão em estágio avançado[i]


News provided by

Bristol Myers Squibb

Aug 28, 2023, 13:00 ET

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Importante opção terapêutica estimula o sistema imunológico do paciente a identificar e combater as células cancerígenas

SÃO PAULO, 28 de agosto de 2023 /PRNewswire/ -- O câncer de pulmão é o segundo mais comum no mundo, ficando atrás apenas do câncer de próstata nos homens e do de mama em mulheres[ii]. Entre as principais causas, o tabagismo é a mais preocupante, já que 85% dos casos diagnosticados está diretamente ligado ao consumo de derivados de tabaco. O fumante passivo (aquele que nunca fumou, mas ficou exposto de forma indireta ao cigarro) também corre risco. E mesmo quando a pessoa consegue largar o vício, é importante manter a regularidade nos exames clínicos, já que a possibilidade de ter o câncer de pulmão continua existindo.

Segundo Luciano Henrique Santos, diretor médico na Oncologia D'Or, fumantes e ex-fumantes devem incluir exames de imagem na sua rotina de check-up médico para que um possível diagnóstico seja realizado o mais cedo possível. "O câncer de pulmão é uma doença silenciosa e, quando os sintomas aparecem, muitas vezes pode estar em um estágio avançado", explica.

Avanços no tratamento do câncer de pulmão

A imunoterapia é uma mudança de paradigma no tratamento do câncer porque, até então, todas as outras terapias tinham como alvo o próprio tumor. "Diferente da quimioterapia e da terapia-alvo, que atuam diretamente nas células tumorais, na imunoterapia o alvo do tratamento é o sistema imunológico do paciente. O medicamento restaura e aprimora a capacidade do sistema imune de lidar com o agente agressor (as células tumorais) e cria uma memória celular que permite que essa resposta continue mesmo depois que o paciente termina o tratamento", explica Gabriela Muricy, Diretora Associada Oncologia & Hematologia da Bristol Myers Squibb. Segundo Gabriela, a imunoterapia faz com que o organismo do paciente seja capaz de atuar contra a progressão do tumor por vários anos.

A descoberta que revolucionou o tratamento do câncer mudou o paradigma do tratamento oncológico. "Tanto que os dois cientistas que descobriram as primeiras moléculas da classe de bloqueadores de checagem imunológica, com benefícios clínicos e capazes de ativar novamente o sistema imune, para que ele combata o tumor, foram premiados com o prêmio Nobel de Medicina em 2018", completa.

Os cientistas Tasuko Honjo e James P. Alisson e, esse último apoiado pela farmacêutica Bristol Myers Squibb, descobriram que as células cancerígenas produzem proteínas que bloqueiam o linfócito T, nossa célula de defesa mais importante. A partir desse entendimento, criaram medicamentos que desfazem essa interrupção, recuperando o poder de reação do corpo diante do câncer. Segundo o Comitê do Nobel do Instituto Karolinska na Suécia, essa descoberta valeu a mais alta premiação da ciência mundial por criar mais uma frente de tratamento contra o câncer, que até então contava apenas com a cirurgia, a radioterapia, a quimioterapia e a terapia-alvo molecular como alternativas terapêuticas.

Para Santos, a imunoterapia "é uma revolução recente que mudou o tratamento do câncer de pulmão, principalmente na evolução da doença em estágio avançado, com maior eficácia e menor toxidade."

Isso significa que, comparado aos tratamentos tradicionais, a imunoterapia melhora os resultados, inclusive por mais tempo. "Mesmo quando apresenta bons resultados, a quimioterapia precisa ser interrompida após um tempo, pois a toxidade se torna mais prejudicial que os benefícios terapêuticos. Isso não acontece com a imunoterapia, cujo tratamento pode se prolongar ao longo dos anos, permitindo que o paciente tenha uma melhora na qualidade de vida e possa manter as suas atividades", aponta o oncologista.

Principais sintomas do câncer de pulmão

O Instituto Nacional do Câncer (Inca) estima que a cada ano sejam diagnosticados no Brasil 30.200 novos casos de câncer de pulmão, traqueia e brônquio. Desses casos, 17.760 são em homens e 12.440, em mulheres, valor que corresponde a um risco estimado de 16,99 casos novos a cada 100.000 homens e 11,56 para cada 100 mil mulheres[iii].

A maioria dos pacientes diagnosticados com câncer de pulmão tem 65 anos ou mais, enquanto um pequeno percentual de casos é diagnosticado em pessoas com menos de 45 anos. A idade média no momento do diagnóstico é de 70 anos.

Quanto mais cedo é feito o diagnóstico do câncer, melhor pode ser o prognóstico do paciente. E embora a maioria dos cânceres de pulmão seja assintomática, há alguns sinais e sintomas que merecem atenção. Tosse recorrente, com expectoração mucosa e/ou com sangue, deve ser motivo de alerta. Dor no peito, rouquidão, perda de apetite, perda de peso, falta de ar, fadiga e infecções de repetição também não devem ser ignorados.

[i] Pioneering paths forward in immunology www.bms.com/life-and-science/science/jonathan-sadeh-on-immunology-research-at-bms.html;

[ii] INCA https://www.gov.br/inca/pt-br/assuntos/cancer/numeros/estimativa 

[iii] Idem.

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