Promising New Treatments For Alzheimer's Target Multiple Disease-related Proteins; May Have Benefits For Several Brain Diseases

WASHINGTON, July 19, 2015 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/ -- Promising early results of new drugs that target common components of several brain diseases that cause dementia – including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Lewy Body dementia – were reported today at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference^® 2015 (AAIC^® 2015) in Washington, D.C.

These diseases cause a range of debilitating symptoms, including memory loss, difficulty with language, visual hallucinations or problems with movement, but they all share the same hallmark – the death of brain cells. Many diseases that cause brain cell death and dementia share common characteristics. One is that a particular protein goes through a dramatic change in its shape; often it becomes toxic for nerve cells or the brain connections known as synapses.

When proteins misfold, they can start off a chain reaction of binding to other proteins. This process continues until large aggregates are formed. Two different misfolded proteins – amyloid beta and tau – have been shown to be toxic to brain cells. Their large aggregates – amyloid plaques and tau tangles – are the hallmark brain lesions of Alzheimer's disease. Treatments that target more than one Alzheimer's-related protein may be especially useful in managing the disease.

"Alzheimer's is very complex condition that has been extremely hard to address with the 'one target, one treatment' approach that's been successful in other diseases," said James Hendrix, PhD, Alzheimer's Association Director of Global Science Initiatives. "Fortunately, we're beginning to see some very exciting early results at AAIC 2015 of a new treatment approach that targets common components of all the Alzheimer's proteins, which also are common to other diseases that cause dementia. If these results can be shown in people, this strategy could eventually have benefit not just in Alzheimer's but for other neurodegenerative diseases."

In February 2015, the Alzheimer's Association, Alzheimer's Research UK, and the Weston Brain Institute (Canada), launched a new global initiative called Mechanisms of Cellular Death in NeuroDegeneration, with a fund of $1.25 million for targeted research into brain diseases that cause dementia, such as Alzheimer's. The funding will support pioneering new projects to understand the causes of brain cell death across neurodegenerative diseases.

Effective treatments for Alzheimer's are desperately needed as it is a unique triple threat, with soaring prevalence, lack of treatment and enormous costs no one can afford. Alzheimer's disease is the sixth-leading cause of death in the United States, and the only top 10 cause of death without a way to prevent, cure, or slow its progression. It is the costliest disease to U.S. society.

New Drugs That Target Tau and Amyloid in Alzheimer's Also Recognize Proteins in Parkinson's and Lewy Body Dementia

It is generally agreed that the cause of several neurodegenerative diseases is related to the accumulation of proteins in aggregated (or oligomeric, where several proteins are bound together) forms. Disease-causing forms of these proteins can also change normal proteins into destructive forms, allowing toxic malformations to spread to different areas of the brain.

Fernando Goni, PhD, Adjunct Associate Professor, Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, New York NY and colleagues announced new data at AAIC 2015 about a class of monoclonal antibodies that were shown to react to both amyloid and tau in Alzheimer's disease, and also to prion disease proteins. They report that the antibodies may also react to aggregated alpha-synuclein and other structures (known as Lewy Bodies) in the brain cells of people with Parkinson's disease, suggesting a potentially broad range of beneficial effects in neurological diseases.

To establish the effect of their antibodies on various forms of alpha-synuclein, the researchers created single alpha-synuclein proteins, oligomeric alpha-synuclein proteins, and dense fibrillar forms known to accumulate in brain tissue. The researchers then tested their antibodies to see how they interacted with each form of alpha-synuclein. Three types of monoclonal antibodies from their laboratory were used, each of which binds to amyloid and tau and also reverses Alzheimer's-like damage to brain tissue in animals. They found that all three monoclonal antibodies bind to the oligomeric forms of alpha-synuclein but not to the monomeric forms. They subsequently confirmed the antibodies' affinity for alpha-synuclein related structures within neurons using samples of human brain tissue from individuals with Parkinson's disease.

"We have developed monoclonal antibodies that recognize the toxic oligomeric proteins from multiple diseases that cause brain cell death and dementia," said Goni. "This is very promising. We are now at a point where we can test them in other animal models as a precursor to clinical trials for human neurodegenerative diseases."

Discovery, Preclinical Development, and Clinical Trial Approach for NPT088

At AAIC 2015, Richard Fisher, PhD, of NeuroPhage Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA and colleagues shared the results of tests with NPT088, a new type of therapeutic that includes the General Amyloid Interaction Motif (GAIM), a molecule that the company claims "blocks misfolded proteins from aggregating, protects cells from protein aggregate toxicity, and targets multiple types of aggregated proteins, including amyloid beta, tau and alpha-synuclein."

The researchers found that NPT088 was effective at preventing protein aggregation in laboratory-cultivated brain cells and helped brain cells survive after exposure to toxic aggregated proteins. NPT088 also had broad beneficial effects in transgenic mice with brain damage similar to that seen in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, in most cases improving memory and cognition, and reducing the brain levels of amyloid beta, aggregated tau and alpha-synuclein. According to the researchers, NPT088 has successfully completed one-month exploratory monkey and rat safety studies, and is currently in the final stages of safety testing prior to the initiation of clinical trials.

"NPT088 effectively treats brain pathologies in mouse models of both Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease, which we believe is unique for a drug candidate," Fisher said. "Pending regulatory approval, we plan to begin clinical testing in people with Alzheimer's in early 2016."

Stopping Protein Misfolding with Small Molecules Targeted to Amyloid and Tau

At AAIC 2015, Marcia Taylor, PhD, of Treventis Corporation, Toronto, ON, Canada presented data on TRV 101, a new drug designed to enter the brain and inhibit protein misfolding of beta-amyloid and tau.

Using computer modeling techniques, Taylor and colleagues identified an abnormal shape that enables a protein to misfold and become toxic. The researchers say the shape is "common to several proteins known to misfold and is implicated in many diseases." They screened more than 11 million compounds through the computer model and, based on the results, synthesized a library of compounds that may prevent toxic protein-protein interactions. A representative compound is TRV 101. In test tube models, TRV 101 demonstrated prevention of toxic oligomerization of both beta-amyloid and tau.

"Because both beta-amyloid and tau contribute to the pathology of Alzheimer's disease, having compounds which can inhibit the formation of oligomers of both proteins would be transformative for treatment," Taylor said. "We have created compounds, such as TRV 101, that are capable of preventing beta-amyloid, tau, or both from forming oligomers in a test tube. This could allow natural clearing mechanisms to remove existing protein aggregates and improve cognitive function. We are currently testing our compounds in animal models to verify if we can reduce the levels of oligomers in the brain."

About AAIC

The Alzheimer's Association International Conference (AAIC) is the world's largest gathering of leading researchers from around the world focused on Alzheimer's and other dementias. As a part of the Alzheimer's Association's research program, AAIC serves as a catalyst for generating new knowledge about dementia and fostering a vital, collegial research community.
AAIC 2015 home page: www.alz.org/aaic/
AAIC 2015 newsroom: www.alz.org/aaic/press.asp

About the Alzheimer's Association^®

The Alzheimer's Association is the leading voluntary health organization in Alzheimer's care, support and research. Our mission is to eliminate Alzheimer's disease through the advancement of research, to provide and enhance care and support for all affected, and to reduce the risk of dementia through the promotion of brain health. Our vision is a world without Alzheimer's. Visit alz.org or call 800.272.3900.

• Fernando Goni, PhD, et al. Monoclonal Antibodies That Recognize Oligomeric Tau and Aβ, Also Recognize Pathological Structures in Parkinson's Disease Human Brains. (Funders: U.S. National Institutes of Health, Alzheimer's Association, and Seix Dow Foundation)
• Richard Fisher, PhD, et al. Discovery, Preclinical Development, and Clinical Trial Approach for NPT088, a General Amyloid Interaction Motif (GAIM)-Immunoglobulin Fusion. (Funders: NeuroPhage Pharmaceuticals, The Michael J. Fox Foundation)
• Marcia Taylor, PhD, et al. Inhibition of Protein Misfolding By Optimization of Small Molecules Targeted to Both Beta-Amyloid and Tau Peptides. (Funders: Treventis Corporation, the Wellcome Trust)

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