Reportlinker Adds Biomarkers - Technologies, Markets And Companies
NEW YORK, Nov. 9, 2010 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:
Biomarkers - technologies,markets and companies
http://www.reportlinker.com/p0203536/Biomarkers---technologiesmarkets-and-companies.html
Summary
This report follows the broad definition of a biomarker as a characteristic that can be objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological or pathogenic processes as well as pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention. Tests based on biomarkers have been around for more than half a century, but interest in their application for diagnostics and drug discovery as well as development has increased remarkably since the beginning of the 21st century. This report describes different types of biomarkers and their discovery using various "-omics" technologies such as proteomics and metabolomics. Molecular diagnostics technologies are used for the discovery of biomarkers and new tests are also based on biomarker.
Currently the most important applications of biomarkers are in drug discovery and development. The role of biomarkers in various therapeutic areas particularly cancer, cardiovascular diseases and disorders of the central nervous system, is described. Biomarkers are useful not only for diagnosis of some of these diseases but also for understanding the pathomechanism as well as a basis for development of therapeutics.
Biomarkers will facilitate the combination of therapeutics with diagnostics and will thus play an important role in the development of personalized medicine. Biomarkers play a role in use of pharmacogenetics, pharmacogenomics and pharmacoproteomics for development of personalized medicine.
Many of the regulatory issues concerning biomarkers are related to genomics, proteomics, molecular diagnostics and pharmacogenomics/pharmacogenetics. Validation of biomarkers and their role in clinical trials is discussed.
Biomarker markets are estimated from 2009 to 2019 according to share of markets for various technologies and applications: proteomics, metabolomics, molecular diagnostics, drug discovery, clinical trials, and bioinformatics. Market values are further split according to therapeutic applications and major geographical areas. Unfulfilled needs in biomarkers are identified as well as the drivers for biomarker markets. Challenges facing the biomarker industry and strategies for developing biomarker markets are discussed.
A large number of companies with varying technical backgrounds are involved in biomarkers and 267 of these are profiled in part 2 of the report with classification into various categories. These also include major pharmaceutical companies. There is tabulation of 481 collaborations between companies and additional academic collaborations are mentioned in the individual profiles of companies. The report is supplemented by 800 references, 62 tables and 12 figures
TABLE OF CONTENTS
0. Executive Summary 20
1. Introduction .. 22
Definitions . 22
Historical aspects of biomarkers . 22
Classification of biomarkers .. 23
Biological marker as response to therapeutic intervention .. 24
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamics biomarkers .. 24
Predictive biomarkers . 24
Valid biomarkers .. 25
Types of biomarkers . 25
Genes as biomarkers .. 25
Proteins as biomarkers .. 26
Proteomics .. 26
DNA biomarkers .. 27
Mitochondrial DNA .. 27
Mitochondrial mutations .. 27
RNA biomarkers 27
Transcriptomics . 28
MicroRNAs .. 29
Metabolomics 29
Glycomics .. 29
Single nucleotide polymorphisms 30
Haplotyping . 30
Cell biomarkers of disease 31
Stem cell biomarkers .. 31
Association of stem cell biomarkers with disease . 31
Cancer stem cell biomarkers.. 31
Endoglin as a functional biomarker of stem cells . 32
p75NTR as a biomarker to isolate adipose tissue-derived stem cells . 32
Protein expression profile as biomarker of stem cells . 32
STEMPRO? EZChek? for analysis of biomarkers of hESCs 33
SSEA-4 as biomarker of MSCs .. 33
Gaseous mediators as biomarkers of disease .. 33
Autoantibodies as biomarkers of autoimmune diseases 33
Comparison of various types of biomarkers . 34
Biomarkers and systems biology 34
Systems biology approach to biomarker identification .. 36
Relation of biomarkers to other technologies and healthcare .. 36
Biomarkers and translational medicine.. 37
Limitations of use of biomarkers in healthcare 37
2. Technologies for Discovery of Biomarkers .. 40
Introduction . 40
The ideal biomarker 40
Genomic technologies .. 40
Gene expression .. 40
Whole genome expression array .. 41
Gene expression profiling on whole blood samples . 42
Profiling gene expression patterns of white blood cells .. 42
Tissue microarrays for study of biomarkers . 42
Epigenomic technologies 43
Discovery of methylation biomarkers . 43
Proteomic technologies .. 44
2D GE . 45
Biomarker Amplification Filter .. 46
CellCarta® proteomics platform .. 46
Isotope-coded affinity tags 47
Liquid chromatography-MS/MS 47
Lucid Proteomics System .. 47
Magnetics beads for protein biomarker discovery .. 48
MASStermind™ . 48
Mass spectrometry .. 48
2D PAGE and mass spectrometry . 49
Imaging mass spectrometry .. 49
MALDI mass spectrometry for biomarker discovery 50
Quantitative tandem MS . 51 - 4 -
Single-molecule mass spectrometry using a nanopore .. 51
Requirements for MS-based proteomic biomarker development . 52
Protein tomography . 52
Protein biochips/microarrays and biomarkers . 52
Antibody-based biomarker discovery .. 53
Detection of biomarkers using peptide array technology .. 53
Protein nanobiochip .. 53
Gene expression microarray data as a source of protein biomarkers 54
Quantification of protein biomarkers .. 54
Mass spectrometry for quantification of protein biomarkers . 54
Real-time PCR for quantification of protein biomarkers . 54
CyTOF for quantification of biomarkers .. 55
Search for biomarkers in body fluids . 55
Challenges and strategies for discovey of protein biomarkers in plasma . 55
3-D structure of CD38 as a biomarker 56
BD™ Free Flow Electrophoresis System . 57
Isotope tags for relative and absolute quantification .. 57
Plasma protein microparticles as biomarkers 58
Proteome partitioning .. 58
Stable isotope tagging methods 58
Technology to measure both the identity and size of the biomarker .. 59
Biomarkers in the urinary proteome .. 59
Peptides in body fluids and tissues as biomarkers of disease . 60
Analysis of peptides in bodily fluids . 60
Serum peptidome patterns . 61
SISCAPA method for quantitating proteins and peptides in plasma 61
Comparison of proteomic profiling technologies for discovery of biomarkers . 62
Verification for interlaboratory reproducibility of protein biomarkers 62
Significance of similar protein biomarkers in different tissues 63
Glycomic technologies . 63
Metabolomic technologies . 64
Genome-wide association studies for identification of metabolic biomarkers . 64
Lipid profiling 64
Mass spectrometry-based kits for discovery of metabolic biomarkers in plasma .. 65
Role of metabolomics in biomarker identification and pattern recognition .. 65
Urinary profiling by capillary electrophoresis 65
Validation of biomarkers in large-scale human metabolomics studies .. 66
Lipidomics . 66
Disease biomarkers in breath .. 67
Portable breath test for volatile organic compounds . 67
Detection of breath biomarkers by sensation technology . 68
Detection of breath biomarkers optical frequency comb spectroscopy . 68
Fluorescent indicators for biomarkers . 68
Molecular imaging technologies .. 69
Computer tomography 69
Magnetic resonance imaging 69
Positron emission tomography . 70
Advantages of imaging biomarkers . 70
Monitoring in vivo gene expression by molecular imaging .. 70
Molecular imaging in vivo as a biomarker . 71
Challenges and future prospects of molecular imaging . 71
Basic research in molecular imaging 72
Imaging intracellular NADH as a biomarker of disease .. 72
Devices for molecular imaging .. 72
Imaging biomarkers in clinical trials 72
Molecular imaging in clinical practice .. 73
Nuclear magnetic resonance . 73
Chemical derivatization to enhance biomarker detection by NMR . 73
Fluxomics by using NMR 74
Nanobiotechnology 74
Nanomaterials for biolabeling .. 74
Quantum dot molecular labels .. 75
Bioconjugated QDs for multiplexed profiling of biomarkers .. 76
Magnetic nanotags for multipley detection of biomarkers . 76
Nanoproteomics and biomarkers . 76
High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility mass spectrometry .. 77
Nanoparticles for molecular imaging .. 77
Nanoparticles for discovering biomarkers . 77
Nanosensors for measuring biomarkers in blood 78
Nanobiochip sensor technique for analysis of oral cancer biomarkers .. 78
Nucleoprotein nanodevices for detection of cancer biomarkers .. 78 - 5 -
Future prospects of application of nanobiotechnology for biomarkers .. 79
Bioinformatics . 79
Biomarker Workflow Guide 79
Analysis of microarray data for selecting useful biomarkers 80
Role of bioinformatics in discovery of protein biomarkers 80
Role of bioinformatics in detection of cancer biomarkers . 81
Biomarker databases .. 81
Gene networks as biomarkers .. 81
3. Biomarkers and Molecular Diagnostics . 84
Introduction . 84
Molecular diagnostic technologies . 84
Polymerase chain reaction . 84
Amplification .. 84
Target selection . 85
Detection of amplified DNA . 85
Limitations of PCR . 85
Real-time PCR systems .. 86
Limitations of real-time PCR .. 86
Future applications of real-time Q-PCR .. 87
Combined PCR-ELISA . 87
Non-PCR methods 87
Linked Linear Amplification . 88
Transcription mediated amplification . 88
Rapid analysis of gene expression .. 88
WAVE nucleic acid fragment analysis system .. 88
DNA probes with conjugated minor groove binder . 89
Rolling circle amplification technology 89
Gene-based diagnostics through RCAT 90
RCAT-immunodiagnostics 90
RCAT-biochips 91
RCAT-pharmacogenomics .. 91
Circle-to-circle amplification . 91
Biochips and microarrays .. 91
Applications of biochips/microarrays 92
Role of biochip/microarrays in discovery of biomarkers . 92
Biomarkers and high throughput molecular screening . 93
Detection and expression profiling of miRNA 93
Real-time PCR for expression profiling of miRNAs .. 94
Real-time PCR for expression profiling of miRNAs .. 94
Use of LNA to explore miRNA 94
Microarrays for analysis of miRNA gene expression .. 94
4. Biomarkers for Drug Discovery & Development 96
Introduction . 96
Biomarker technologies for drug discovery 97
Proteomics-based biomarkers for drug discovery .. 97
Chemoproteomics 97
Activity-based chemical proteomics . 97
Transcriptomics for drug discovery . 98
Metabolomics for drug discovery . 98
Biomarkers and drug safety .. 99
Biomarkers of adverse drug reactions 99
Applications of biomarkers in drug safety studies .. 99
Genomic technologies for toxicology biomarkers . 100
Proteomic technologies for toxicology biomarkers .. 100
Metabonomic technologies for toxicology biomarkers . 101
Integration of genomic and metabonomic data to develop toxicity biomarkers .. 101
Toxicology studies based on biomarkers 101
Biomarkers of hepatotoxicity .. 102
Biomarkers of nephrotoxicity .. 103
Cardiotoxicity .. 104
Neurotoxicity 105
Applications of biomarkers for drug development .. 106
Application of metabonomics/metabolomics for drug development 106
Role of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic biomarkers in drug development 106
Molecular imaging as a biomarker in drug development 107
Molecular imaging in preclinical studies 107
Molecular imaging in clinical trials . 108
Prospects of molecular imaging in drug discovery and development .. 109
Biomarkers in clinical trials . 109 - 6 -
NIH recommendations on the use of biomarkers in clinical trials . 110
Advantages of biomarkers for drug development . 111
Limitations and problems with use of biomarkers in clinical trials 112
Application of biomarkers by the pharmaceutical companies 112
Use of biomarkers in relation to stage of drug discovery and development . 113
Drug development in cardiovascular disorders . 114
Drug development in neurological disorders . 114
Future prospects of biomarker-based drug development .. 115
The Biomarker Alliance . 115
Molecular Libraries and Imaging Roadmap of NIH 115
Biomarkers Consortium 116
Pharmacogenomic biomarker information in drug labels . 117
5. Role of Biomarkers in Healthcare . 118
Introduction .. 118
Biomarkers of inflammation 118
ESR and CRP as biomarkers of inflammation 119
Biomarkers of oxidative stress . 119
1,4-dihydroxynonane-mercapturic acid .. 119
Oxidative DNA damage 120
Proteins as biomarkers of oxidative stress in diseases .. 120
Testing for oxidative stress 120
Biomarkers in metabolic disorders.. 120
Biomarkers of acute intermittent porphyria .. 120
Liver X receptors .. 121
Biomarkers of diabetes mellitus 121
Biomarkers of hyperglycemia . 122
Biomarkers of diabetes-associated oxidative stress . 122
Biomarkers of inflammation associated with diabetes . 123
Biomarkers of renal complications in diabetes mellitus type 2 .. 123
Biomarkers of diabesity 123
Glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetes mellitus 123
Lack of C-peptide as biomarker of complications of diabetes type 1 123
Serum retinol binding protein 4 as biomarker of insulin resistance . 124
Biomarkers of metabolic syndrome . 124
Adiponectin .. 124
Biomarkers in immune disorders . 125
Biomarkers relevant to organ transplantation .. 125
Biomarkers of graft versus host disease .. 125
Biomarkers of renal allograft failure .. 127
Biomarkers of renal transplant tolerance . 128
Biomarkers of lung transplant rejection .. 128
Systemic lupus erythematosus . 129
Current management and need for biomarkers . 129
Role of collaborative efforts and databases of SLE biomarkers . 129
C4d-bearing reticulocytes 130
Adiponectin .. 130
CB-CAPS 130
Genetic loci of SLE . 130
Epigenetic biomarkers of SLE . 130
Biomarkers of musculoskeletal disorders 131
Biomarkers of rheumatoid arthritis .. 131
Circulating cytokines in RA .. 131
Serum CRP in RA 131
Assays for biomarkers of RA 132
Biomarkers of spondylarthritis .. 132
Biomarkers of osteoarthritis .. 133
Biomarkers of osteoporosis 134
Dual x-ray absorptiometry . 134
Bone imaging with quantitative CT and MRI . 134
Assays for detection of biomarkers of osteoporosis . 135
Biomarkers of infectious diseases 135
Chemokines as biomarkers of infection 136
Circulating CPS-1 as biomarkers of organ damage in sepsis . 136
Endotoxin . 137
Procalcitonin . 137
Application of proteomics for discovering biomarkers of infections . 138
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome .. 138
Nitric oxide as a biomarker of sepsis 139
Tuberculosis 139
Conventional diagnosis of tuberculosis . 140 - 7 -
Molecular diagnostics for tuberculosis .. 140
Biomarkers for tuberculosis . 140
Biomarkers of pulmonary tuberculosis in the breath 141
Biomarkers of viral infections 141
Viral hepatitis .. 141
Biomarkers of SARS .. 143
Biomarkers of HIV .. 144
Biomarkers in parasitic infections . 144
Role of biomarkers in malaria . 144
Identification of biomarkers in Schistosomiasis infections .. 145
Biomarkers of liver disease . 146
Breath biomarkers of liver disease .. 146
Biomarkers of viral hepatitis B and C .. 146
Biomarkers of liver injury 147
Biomarkers of liver cirrhosis .. 147
FibroMax .. 147
Biomarkers of pancreatitis .. 148
Biomarkers of renal disease 148
Biomarkers of lupus nephritis 149
Biomarkers of diabetic nephropathy 149
Cystatin C as biomarker of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) . 149
Estimated GFR and albuminuria as biomarkers of chronic kidney disease 149
Proteomic biomarkers of acute kidney injury 150
Biomarkers of pulmonary diseases . 150
Biomarkers of oxidative stress in lung diseases 151
Biomarkers of survival in acute respiratory distress syndrome 151
Urinary NO as biomarker.. 151
Plasma biomarkers related to inflammation 151
Pulmonary surfactant proteins as biomarkers for lung diseases .. 152
Cytokine/chemokine biomarkers of SARS 152
Biomarkers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 152
Increased expression of PIGF as a biomarker of COPD 153
Chromagranin A (CgA) as biomarker of airway obstruction in smokers .. 153
BNP as a biomarker of chronic pulmonary disease 153
Alpha1-antitrypsin gene polymorphisms predisposing to emphysema 154
Biomarkers of asthma . 154
Comparison of biomarkers of asthma and COPD .. 154
Exaled NO as a biomarker of asthma 154
Cytokines as biomarkers of asthma severity .. 155
Biomarker for rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbation .. 155
Biomarkers for predicting response to corticosteroid therapy 156
IgE as guide to dosing of omalizumab for asthma 156
Endothelin-1 in exhaled breath as biomarker of asthma . 156
Biomarkers for cystic fibrosis . 157
Biomarkers of pulmonary embolism 157
Biomarkers in gynecology and obstetrics. 158
Biomarkers of menopause .. 158
Biomarkers of premenstrual dysphoric disorder .. 158
Biomarkers of endometriosis . 159
Biomarkers for preeclampsia . 159
Protein biomarker of preeclampsia in urine . 160
Protein biomarkers of preeclampsia in CSF . 160
Protein HtrA1 as biomarker for preeclampsia . 160
sFlt1 and soluble endoglin as biomarkers of preeclampsia . 161
RNA biomarkers .. 161
Biomarkers of premature birth .. 162
Biomarkers of oxidative stress in complicated pregnancies .. 162
Fetal biomarkers in maternal blood . 162
Biomarkers for genetic disorders . 163
Biomarkers for Down's syndrome . 163
Biomarkers for muscular dystrophy . 163
Biomarkers of phenylketonuria . 164
Genetic biomarkers for psoriasis .. 164
Biomarkers of lysosomal storage disorders 165
Biomarkers of aging 166
Effect of calorie restriction on biomarkers of longevity .. 167
Genes as biomarkers of aging 167
Mitochondrial mutations as biomarkers of aging 167
Telomere attrition as aging biomarker . 168
Gene variants as determinants of biological age 168
Genetic signatures of longevity .. 168 - 8 -
Low serum thyroid hormone level as biomarker of longevity 169
Role of bioinformatics in search for biomarkers of aging 169
Study of biomarkers of aging in a genetically homogeneous population .. 169
Biomarkers of miscellaneous disorders. 170
Biomarkers of chronic fatigue syndrome 170
Biomarkers of inflammatory bowel disease 170
Biomarkers of erectile dysfunction 171
Biomarkers of heat stroke .. 171
Nasal nitric oxide as a biomarker of response to rhinosinusitis therapy 172
Biomarkers common to multiple diseases .. 172
Biomarkers and nutrition . 172
Biomarkers in nutritional epidemiology .. 172
Biomarkers of nutritional status 173
Biomarkers of branched chain amino acid status . 173
Biomarkers of caloric restriction 174
Biomarkers of malnutrition . 174
Proteomic biomarkers and nutrition . 174
Biomarkers of gene-environmental interactions in human disease . 174
6. Biomarkers of Cancer . 176
Introduction .. 176
The ideal biomarker for cancer . 176
Single vs multiple biomarkers of cancer . 177
Types of cancer biomarkers 177
HER3 as biomarker of cancer . 178
DNA repair biomarkers 178
miRNAs as biomarkers in cancer .. 178
Circulating miRNAs for cancer detection .. 180
Diagnostic value of miRNA in cancer . 180
Biomarkers of epigenetic gene silencing in cancer .. 180
Immunologic biomarkers of cancer .. 181
Molecular diagnostic techniques for cancer 181
Technologies for detection of cancer biomarkers . 182
Genomic technologies for cancer biomarkers 182
Cold-PCR .. 182
Genome analysis at the molecular level .. 183
Sequencing-based approaches for detection of cancer biomarkers .. 183
Early detection of tumor suppressor gene mutations .. 183
Biomarkers of PTEN tumor suppressor gene status .. 184
HAAH as a biomarker for cancer 184
KRAS as a biomarker of cancer .. 185
Telomerase as a biomarker of cancer .. 185
Digital karyotyping for cancer biomarkers .. 185
LigAmp for detection of gene mutations in cancer 186
Mitochondrial DNA as a cancer biomarker 186
Tissue microarrays for study of cancer biomarkers . 186
Molecular fingerprinting of cancer 187
Biomarkers of inflammation in cancer . 188
Proteomic technologies for detecting biomarkers of cancer .. 188
2D PAGE 189
Antibody-based detection of protein biomarkers .. 189
Aptamer-based molecular probes for cancer biomarker discovery 190
Cancer immunomics to identify autoantibody signatures 190
Desorption electrospray ionization for detection of cancer biomarkers 191
Detection of circulating nucleosomes in serum of cancer patients 191
Detection of tumor markers with ProteinChip technology .. 191
eTag assay system for cancer biomarkers .. 192
Glycoprotein biomarkers of cancer 192
HER-2/neu oncoprotein as biomarkers for cancer . 193
Humoral proteomics .. 193
Laser capture microdissection . 193
Membrane-type serine protease-1 . 194
Phage display technology . 194
Proteomic analysis of cancer cell mitochondria .. 194
Proteomic technologies for detection of autoimmune biomarkers 195
SELDI-TOF MS . 195
Serum proteome analysis for early detection of cancer .. 195
Tissue proteomics for discovery of cancer biomarkers . 196
Metabolomic biomarkers of cancer .. 196
Choline phospholipid biomarkers of cancer . 196
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 .. 197 - 9 -
Detection of drug resistance in cancer by metabolic profiling 197
Epitomics for the early detection of cancer 197
Detection of biomarkers of DNA methylation 198
PCR with bisulfite for detecting DNA methylation biomarkers in cancer . 199
MDScan? microarray technology .. 200
Rubicon MethylPlex technology .. 200
Epigenomics Marker Machine for DNA methylation biomarkers . 201
Sequenom's integrated genetic analysis platform . 201
Histone deacetylase .. 201
Mucins as epigenetic biomarkers in epithelial cancers . 202
Nanobiotechnology for early detection of cancer to improve treatment 202
Selective expression of biomarkers by cancer compared with normal tissues . 202
Ultrasound radiation to enhance release of a tumor biomarker .. 203
In vivo imaging of cancer biomarkers . 203
Computer tomography .. 203
Optical systems for in vivo molecular imaging of cancer . 203
Positron emission tomography 204
Imaging of tumor oxygenation and microvascular permeability by MRI . 204
Xenon-enhanced MRI 204
Kallikrein gene family and cancer biomarkers .. 205
Circulating cancer cells in blood as biomarkers of cancer .. 205
Applications of cancer biomarkers .. 206
Use of biomarkers for cancer classification 206
Cancer classification using microarrays 206
Proteomic classification of cancer .. 207
Use of biomarkers for early detection of cancer .. 207
Applications of biomarkers for cancer diagnosis .. 207
Methylated DNA sequences as cancer biomarkers 207
MicroRNA expression profiling for diagnosis of human cancers . 208
MUC4 as a diagnostic biomarker in cancer .. 208
Applications of biomarkers for cancer diagnosis and therapy .. 209
Asparagine synthetase as biomarker for therapy with L-asparaginase 209
Peptide-based agents for targeting cancer biomarkers 210
Biomarkers for assessing efficacy of cancer therapy .. 210
ERCC1-XPF expression as a biomarker of response to chemotherapy . 210
P53 expression level as biomarker of efficacy of cancer gene therapy 210
Biomarkers of angiogenesis for developing antiangiogenic therapy 210
Biomarkers of response to antiangiogenic agent brivanib alaninate 211
Circulating endothelial cells as targets for antiangiogenic drugs .. 211
DCE-MRI biomarkers for evaluation of antiangiogenic agents 211
Combination of soluble biomarkers of angiogenesis with imaging 212
Tumor endothelial markers.. 212
VEGF signalling inhibitors as biomarkers . 213
Biomarkers of prognosis in cancer treatment 213
Biomarkers of drug resistance in cancer . 213
A systems approach to biomarkers of innate drug resistance 214
Epithelial membrane protein-1 as a biomarker of gefitinib resistance . 214
Methylation biomarkers of drug resistance in cancer 214
Biomarkers of radiation exposure and response .. 215
Role of biomarkers in drug development in oncology 215
Molecular imaging of tumor as a guide to drug development .. 216
Use of PET to assess response to anticancer drugs .. 216
Use of MRI to assess response to anticancer drugs .. 217
Biomarkers in plucked hair for assessing cancer therapy .. 217
Molecular targets of anticancer drugs as biomarkers . 218
Safety biomarkers in oncology studies 218
Role of biomarkers in phase I clinical trials of anticancer drugs .. 218
Biomarkers according to location/type of cancer 219
Bladder cancer biomarkers . 219
Detection of FGFR3 mutations in urine for diagnosis of bladder cancer .. 219
NMP22 BladderChek .. 219
Urinary telomerase as biomarker for detection of bladder cancer 219
Concluding remarks abut biomarkers of urinary cancer .. 220
Brain cancer biomarkers . 220
Biomarkers to predict response to EGFR inhibitors .. 220
CD133 as biomarker of resistance to radiotherapy .. 221
Circulating microvesicles as biomarkers .. 221
CSF protein profiling .. 221
CSF attractin as a biomarker of malignant astrocytoma . 222
Methylation profiling of brain tumors 222
Metabolite biomarkers of brain tumors . 223 - 10 -
miRNAs as biomarkers of brain tumors 223
MRI biomarker for response of brain tumor to therapy 224
Multigene predictor of outcome in GBM 224
Neuroimaging biomarkers combined with DNA microarray analysis. 224
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase ? as biomarker of gliomas .. 225
Serum protein fingerprinting .. 225
VEGF-R2 as biomarker of angiogenesis in brain tumors.. 225
Breast cancer biomarkers .. 225
Biomarkers of breast cancer in breath . 227
Biomarkers for breast cancer in nipple aspiration fluid 227
Circulating nucleic acid biomarkers of breast cancer 227
Flow cytometry for quantification of biomarker expression patterns 227
Plasma proteomics for biomarkers of breast cancer . 228
Quantitative realtime PCR assays for biomarker validation 228
Cdk6 as a biomarker of breast cancer .. 229
Centromere protein-F 229
Carbonic anhydrase IX .. 229
COX-2 as a biomarker of breast cancer 230
Glycomic biomarkers of breast cancer.. 230
HER-2/neu oncoprotein . 230
High mobility group protein A2 .. 232
Hypermethylated genes as biomarkers of metastatic breast cancer 232
Lipocalin 2 as biomarker of breast cancer progression 232
Long intervening non-coding RNAs 233
Mammaglobin .. 233
miRNA biomarkers of breast cancer .. 233
p27 expression as biomarker for survival after chemotherapy .. 234
Podocalyxin .. 234
Progranulin as a biomarker of breast cancer .. 235
Proliferating cell nuclear antigen 235
Protein kinase C as a predictive biomarker of metastatic breast cancer . 235
Retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene as a biomarker . 235
Riboflavin carrier protein .. 236
Risk of invasive cancer after diagnosis of ductal carcinoma in situ .. 236
Serum CA 15-3 as biomarker of prognosis in advanced breast cancer 237
Suppressor of deltex protein 237
Tumor microenvironment as biomarker of metastasis in breast cancer .. 237
Type III TGF-? receptor as regulator of cancer progression .. 237
Diagnostic tests based on breast cancer genes . 238
Prognostic role of breast cancer genes . 239
Protein biomarkers for breast cancer prevention .. 240
Biomarkers to evaluate efficacy of chemoprevention .. 240
Biomarkers of response to chemotherapy of breast cancer 240
Cervical cancer biomarkers 241
Gastrointestinal cancer biomarkers . 242
Gastric cancer biomarkers 243
Colorectal cancer biomarkers .. 243
Head and neck cancer . 247
Leukemia biomarkers .. 248
Chromosome translocations in leukemias 248
DNA methylation biomarkers in leukemia 249
Gene mutations as biomarkers in leukemia 249
Molecular diagnostic techniques for leukemia. 250
Proteomic technologies for discovering biomarkers of leukemia 250
Biomarkers of chronic lymphocytic leukemia .. 251
Biomarkers of chronic myeloid leukemia . 251
Biomarkers of drug resistance in leukemia . 252
Biomarkers of myelodysplasitic syndromes . 252
Lymphoma biomarkers 252
Liver cancer biomarkers .. 252
Lung cancer biomarkers .. 253
Autoantibodies as biomarkers in lung cancer . 254
Biomarkers associated with neuroendocrine differentiation in NSCLC . 255
Biomarkers of chronic inflammation in lung cancer .. 255
Biomarkers for predicting sensitivity to chemotherapy in lung cancer 255
Biomarkers for prediction of sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors . 256
Circulating tumor cells as biomarkers .. 257
Gene expression profiling for biomarkers of lung cancer . 257
Methylation biomarkers of lung cancer . 258
miRNA biomarkers in lung cancer .. 258
Proteomic biomarkers in exaled breath condensate . 259 - 11 -
Serum protein biomarkers of lung cancer 259
tNOX as biomarker of lung cancer . 259
Tumor-derived DNA and RNA markers in blood . 260
Volatile organic compounds in the exhaled breath 260
Malignant pleural mesothelioma 260
Melanoma biomarkers . 261
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma biomarkers .. 262
Proteomic biomarkers of nasopharyngeal cancer .. 263
miRNA biomarkers of nasopharyngeal carcinoma . 264
Oral cancer biomarkers 264
Ovarian cancer biomarkers . 265
Epitomics approach for ovarian cancer biomarkers in serum . 266
Gene expression studies in ovarian cancer . 266
HtrA1 as a biomarker of response to chemotherapy in ovarian cancer .. 267
Mutation of genes in ovarian cancer . 267
Serum biomarkers of ovarian cancer prognosis . 267
Serum albumin-associated peptides and proteins . 268
Multiplex assays for biomarkers of ovarian cancer 268
Concluding remarks on biomarker-based tests of ovarian cancer. 269
Pancreatic cancer biomarkers 269
Discovery and validation of pancreatic cancer biomarkers . 270
Cancer stem cells as biomarkers of pancreatic cancer . 271
Histone modifications used as biomarkers in pancreatic cancer 271
miRNA biomarkers of pancreatic cancer .. 271
Proteomic biomarkers of pancreatic cancer . 272
Prostate cancer .. 273
Adipose tissue-derived biomarkers of obesity-related prostate cancer 274
B7-H3 as biomarker of prostate cancer 274
Detection of prostate cancer biomarkers in urine . 275
Detection of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia .. 276
Epigenetic biomarkers of prostate cancer 276
Gene expression analysis of prostate cancer .. 276
Genetic biomarkers of prostate cancer . 277
Huntingtin Interacting Protein 1 overexpression in prostate cancer . 277
Id proteins expression in prostate cancer 277
Identification of prostate cancer mRNA biomarkers . 278
Integrative genomic and proteomic profiling of prostate cancer .. 278
LCM for diagnosis of prostate cancer 278
Loss of p27 as predictor of recurrence of prostate cancer .. 279
Microarray for diagnosis of prostate cancer 279
miRNA biomarkers of prostate cancer .. 279
Prostate cancer biomarkers in semen .. 280
PSA as biomarker of prostate cancer 280
ProPSA as biomarker of prostate cancer .. 280
Prostate Health Index 281
PSMA as biomarker of prostate cancer . 281
Sarcosine as a metabolic biomarker of prostate cancer .. 281
Serum HAAH as biomarker of prostate cancer 281
Silenced CDH13 gene as a biomarker of cancer 282
Serum-protein fingerprinting .. 282
Tests for prostate cancer based on genetic dislocations . 282
Concluding remarks on biomarkers of prostate cancer 283
Renal cancer biomarkers . 283
Gene expression profile of RCC for biomarkers . 283
miRNA biomarkers of renal cancer 283
Use of proteomics for detection of RCC biomarkers . 284
Use of RCC biomarkers for prognosis and therapy 284
Thyroid cancer biomarkers . 285
Gene expression biomarkers of thyroid cancer .. 285
Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2B as risk factor for thyroid cancer 286
miRNA biomarkers of thyroid cancer . 286
Biochemical biomarkers of thyroid cancer .. 286
Role of the NCI in molecular diagnosis of cancer . 286
The Cancer Genome Anatomy Project . 287
Molecular profiling of cancer .. 287
Cancer Genome Atlas .. 287
Cancer Genetic Markers of Susceptibility Project . 288
Oncology Biomarker Qualification Initiative .. 288
Role of NCI in cancer biomarker development and validation .. 289
COBRED project for cancer biomarker research in Europe .. 290
Future prospects for cancer biomarkers .. 291 - 12 -
Cancer biomarker research at academic institutions .. 291
Future prospects and challenges in the discovery of cancer biomarkers .. 291
7. Biomarkers of Disorders of the Nervous System 294
Introduction .. 294
Discovery of biomarkers for neurological disorders 294
Biomarker identification in the CSF using proteomics . 295
Biomarker identification in the CSF using lipidomics .. 295
Cerebral microdialysis for the study of biomarkers of cerebral metabolism . 295
Detection of protein biomarkers of CNS disorders in the blood 296
Brain imaging for detection of biomarkers . 296
Biomarkers of the aging brain .. 297
Cellular biomarker of aging of the brain . 297
Protein aggregation as a biomarker of aging brain.. 297
Data mining for biomarkers of neurological disorders .. 297
Antibodies as biomarkers in disorders of the nervous system .. 298
Biomarkers of neural regeneration . 298
Biomarkers of disruption of blood-brain barrier 298
Biomarkers of neurotoxicity 299
Glial fibrillary acidic protein as biomarker of neurotoxicity 299
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