Study Shows How Nerves Drive Prostate Cancer

"Solid tumors depend on an expanding blood supply to thrive," says study leader Paul Frenette, M.D., professor of medicine and of cell biology and director of the Ruth L. and David S. Gottesman Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research at Einstein and a member of the NCI-designated Albert Einstein Cancer Center. "Here we show that nerves stimulate the new blood vessels that encourage prostate tumor growth—and that we can short-circuit nerve stimulation to prevent new vessels from forming. This opens up an entirely new strategy for treating prostate cancer—one that we may be able to pursue using existing drugs."     

Prostate cancer is second to skin cancer as the most common cancer in men. The National Cancer Institute estimates that 161,360 new cases of prostate cancer will be diagnosed in 2017, and 26,730 men will die from the disease, accounting for 4.4 percent of all cancer deaths.

In a 2013 paper, also in Science, Dr. Frenette and colleagues showed that nerves play a critical role in helping prostate tumors develop and spread. More specifically, the researchers found that nerves of the sympathetic nervous system, (responsible for activating the "fight or flight" response,) promote tumor growth by producing norepinephrine, which encourages tumor growth by binding to and stimulating receptors on tumor connective- tissue cells.

In the current study, the researchers used a mouse model of prostate cancer to determine precisely how nerves within connective tissue drive tumor growth. After being released by nerve fibers, norepinephrine binds to receptors on endothelial cells that line the inner surface of blood vessels. The researchers found that the binding of norepinephrine to those receptors triggers an "angio-metabolic switch" that changes how cells metabolize glucose. To make new blood vessels, the endothelial cells—which ordinarily use oxidative phosphorylation to obtain energy from glucose—were now relying almost exclusively on glycolysis. Using glycolysis to metabolize glucose is a phenomenon that had previously been observed in cancer cells.

To confirm norepinephrine's role in triggering this metabolic switch, the researchers deleted a gene in their animal model that codes for norepinephrine's receptor on vessel cells, thereby eliminating norepinephrine's binding target. They then observed that cells lacking the receptor were using oxidative phosphorylation rather than glycolysis. As a result, the formation of new vessels was inhibited.

"Oxidative phosphorylation generates more energy than glycolysis," says Dr. Frenette. "It may seem counter-intuitive, but this energy boost provided by oxidative phosphorylation diminishes endothelial cell function and inhibits angiogenesis—the formation of new blood vessels that sustains tumor growth." In Dr. Frenette's mouse model of prostate cancer, stimulation from norepinephrine released by nerves had allowed endothelial cells to maintain use of glycolysis, enabling the rapid progression of prostate cancer from a low-grade precancerous stage to a high-grade malignant stage.

"While we need to learn more about the role that norepinephrine-releasing nerves play in prostate cancer, it's certainly worth exploring whether beta-blockers can improve disease outcomes," says Dr. Frenette, noting that beta-blockers work by blocking the effects of norepinephrine and similar compounds. Retrospective epidemiological studies, he says, have found that use of these drugs by men with prostate cancer was associated with reduced metastasis and increased survival.

The 2017 Science paper is titled "Adrenergic nerves activate an angio-metabolic switch in prostate cancer." The other Einstein authors are: first author Ali H. Zahalka, an M.D.-Ph,D, student at Einstein; Fumio Nakahara; and Cristian D. Cruz. Additional contributors are Anna Arnal-Estapé, Ph.D., formerly a post-doctoral fellow with Dr. Frenette and now at Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT; and Maria Maryanovich, Ph.D., and Lydia W. S. Finley, Ph.D., at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.

The study was supported by grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL097700, DK056638, HL069438, F30CA203446, T32 NS007098 and GM007288), the New York Stem Cell Foundation, the EMBO European Commission FP7 (Marie Curie Actions, EMBOCOFUND2012, GA-2012-600394, ALTF 447-2014), and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. This work utilized equipment purchased with funding from 1S10OD019961, and P60DK020541. This work has led to a Montefiore-Einstein pilot study, "Beta adrenergic receptor blockade as a novel therapy for patients with adenocarcinoma of the prostate," led by Benjamin Gartrell, M.D., which can be found on the website ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02944201).

About Albert Einstein College of Medicine
Albert Einstein College of Medicine is one of the nation's premier centers for research, medical education and clinical investigation. During the 2016-2017 academic year, Einstein is home to 717 M.D. students, 166 Ph.D. students, 103 students in the combined M.D./Ph.D. program, and 278 postdoctoral research fellows. The College of Medicine has more than 1,900 full-time faculty members located on the main campus and at its clinical affiliates. In 2016, Einstein received more than $160 million in awards from the National Institutes of Health (NIH). This includes the funding of major research centers at Einstein in aging, intellectual development disorders, diabetes, cancer, clinical and translational research, liver disease, and AIDS. Other areas where the College of Medicine is concentrating its efforts include developmental brain research, neuroscience, cardiac disease, and initiatives to reduce and eliminate ethnic and racial health disparities. Its partnership with Montefiore, the University Hospital and academic medical center for Einstein, advances clinical and translational research to accelerate the pace at which new discoveries become the treatments and therapies that benefit patients. Einstein runs one of the largest residency and fellowship training programs in the medical and dental professions in the United States through Montefiore and an affiliation network involving hospitals and medical centers in the Bronx, Brooklyn and on Long Island. For more information, please visit www.einstein.yu.edu, read our blog, follow us on Twitter, like us on Facebook, and view us on YouTube.

SOURCE Albert Einstein College of Medicine

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