The Asia-Pacific Renewable Electricity Sector: A Country Comparison of Risks and Opportunities
NEW YORK, Dec. 19, 2011 /PRNewswire/ -- Reportlinker.com announces that a new market research report is available in its catalogue:
The Asia-Pacific Renewable Electricity Sector: A Country Comparison of Risks and Opportunities
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Report Summary
This report provides a detailed analysis of the renewable electricity sector in 11 countries in the Asia-Pacific region: Australia, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam. These are key countries for investors in the renewable energy sector, especially Thailand, where $700 million of new investment was dedicated.
Regional catalysts for renewable power development
In the region today, the main drivers for renewable power deployment are greenhouse gas emissions reduction targets, and the recognition that renewable power can be a partial solution to the rapidly increasing demand for electricity, while enhancing energy security. For developing countries in the region, added to these drivers are the challenges presented by the need for rural electrification. As renewable power technologies become more accessible and renewable power generation costs decrease further, the development of renewable power is expected to accelerate in the region.
Incentives exist in the Asia-Pacific region, but domestic influences pose a challenge
A regulatory framework to promote renewable power deployment is already in place in many of the countries of the region. However, the power market is often tightly controlled by incumbents under a vertically-integrated structure of the power sector. In addition, for both domestic and foreign developers, lack of grid capacity and uncertainty for development permits are major risks. Nevertheless, the region in general offers significant opportunities for renewable power development because of the drivers for renewable power.
Country comparison shows clear regional leaders
In this report, the renewable electricity sector of 11 Asian-Pacific countries is assessed in terms of both opportunities and risks for investors by using a series of indices. Each index consists of multiple measures that accurately and numerically evaluate the opportunities or risks concerned.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents i
List of Tables ix
List of Figures xiii
List of Abbreviations xv
Chapter 1: Introduction 1
1.1 Overview 1
1.2 Government Incentives 2
1.2.1 Operating Support Schemes 2
1.2.2 Investment Support Schemes 5
1.3 Opportunity and Risk Indices 5
A. Opportunities Indices 6
B. Risk Indices 7
Chapter 2: Australia 9
Executive Summary 9
Opportunities Indices 9
Risk Indices 9
2.1 Incentive Opportunities Index 10
2.1.1 Operating Incentives 10
2.1.1.1 Tradable Green Certificates 10
2.1.1.2 The Solar Credits Scheme 11
2.1.1.3 Price of RECs 12
2.1.1.4 Changes to the RET in Australia in 2011 13
2.1.1.5 State-level Operating Incentives 14
2.1.1.5.1 Australian Capital Territory 14
2.1.1.5.2 New South Wales 15
2.1.1.5.3 Queensland 15
2.1.1.5.4 South Australia 15
2.1.1.5.5 Tasmania 16
2.1.1.5.6 Victoria 16
2.1.1.5.7 Western Australia 16
2.1.2 Investment Support 17
2.2 Power Market Opportunities Index 18
2.2.1 Energy Consumption 18
2.2.2 Electricity Sector 19
2.2.3 Nuclear Power 20
2.3 Technology Opportunities Index 22
2.3.1 Renewable Electricity Generation 22
2.3.2 Resource Potential 22
2.3.3 Levelised Generation Costs 23
2.3.4 Wind Power 24
2.3.4.1 Onshore Wind Power 24
2.3.4.2 Offshore Wind Power 26
2.3.5 Biomass 26
2.3.5.1 Solid Biomass 26
2.3.5.2 Biogas 28
2.3.6 Solar Energy 29
2.3.6.1 Solar PV 29
2.3.6.2 Concentrated Solar-thermal Power 30
2.3.7 Small Hydro 31
2.3.8 Geothermal 31
2.3.9 Marine (Wave/Tidal) 32
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2.4 Political Will Risk Index 33
2.4.1 Government Structure 33
2.4.2 Government Debt 34
2.4.3 Targets and Commitments 34
2.4.4 Public Sentiment 35
2.5 Grid Connection Risk Index 36
2.5.1 Functional Separation 36
2.5.2 Grid Capacity 38
2.5.3 Access and Connection Cost 39
2.6 Planning Permission Risk Index 40
2.6.1 Complexity and Expected Timescales 40
2.6.2 Local Opposition and Procedural Improvements 41
2.7 Conclusion 42
Chapter 3: China 43
Executive Summary 43
Opportunities Indices 43
Risk Indices 43
3.1 Incentive Opportunities Index 44
3.1.1 Operating Incentives 44
3.1.2 Investment Support 46
3.1.2.1 Solar Power Incentives 46
3.1.2.2 Tax Incentives 46
3.2 Power Market Opportunities Index 47
3.2.1 Energy Consumption 47
3.2.2 Electricity Sector 48
3.2.3 Nuclear Power 49
3.3 Technology Opportunities Index 49
3.3.1 Renewable Electricity Generation 49
3.3.2 Resource Potential 50
3.3.3 Levelised Generation Costs 51
3.3.4 Wind Power 52
3.3.4.1 Onshore Wind Power 52
3.3.4.2 Offshore Wind Power 54
3.3.5 Biomass 54
3.3.5.1 Solid Biomass 54
3.3.5.2 Biogas 55
3.3.6 Solar Energy 56
3.3.6.1 Solar PV 56
3.3.6.2 Concentrated Solar-thermal Power 58
3.3.7 Small Hydro 58
3.3.8 Geothermal 58
3.3.9 Marine (Wave/Tidal) 59
3.4 Political Will Risk Index 59
3.4.1 Government Structure 59
3.4.2 Government Debt 60
3.4.3 Targets and Commitments 60
3.4.4 Public Sentiment 61
3.5 Grid Connection Risk Index 61
3.5.1 Functional Separation 61
3.5.2 Grid Capacity 62
3.5.3 Access and Connection Cost 62
3.6 Planning Permission Risk Index 63
3.6.1 Complexity and Expected Timescales 63
3.6.2 Local Opposition and Procedural Improvements 64
3.7 Conclusion 64
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Chapter 4: India 65
Executive Summary 65
Opportunities Indices 65
Risk Indices 65
4.1 Incentive Opportunities Index 66
4.1.1 Operating Incentives 66
4.1.1.1 Federal Feed-in Tariffs 66
4.1.1.2 State Operating Incentives 68
4.1.1.2.1 Wind Power 68
4.1.1.2.2 Solar PV 69
4.1.1.2.3 Solid Biomass 70
4.1.2 Investment Support 70
4.1.2.1 Wind Power 70
4.1.2.2 Solar 71
4.1.2.3 Biomass 71
4.1.2.4 Grants 71
4.2 Power Market Opportunities Index 73
4.2.1 Energy Consumption 73
4.2.2 Electricity Sector 74
4.2.3 Nuclear Power 77
4.3 Technology Opportunities Index 77
4.3.1 Renewable Electricity Generation 77
4.3.2 Resource Potential 77
4.3.3 Levelised Generation Costs 79
4.3.4 Wind Power 80
4.3.4.1 Onshore Wind Power 80
4.3.4.2 Offshore Wind Power 81
4.3.5 Biomass 81
4.3.5.1 Solid Biomass 81
4.3.5.2 Biogas 83
4.3.6 Solar Energy 83
4.3.6.1 Solar PV 83
4.3.6.2 Concentrated Solar-thermal Power 83
4.3.7 Small Hydro 84
4.3.8 Geothermal 84
4.3.9 Marine (Wave/Tidal) 84
4.4 Political Will Risk Index 85
4.4.1 Government Structure 85
4.4.2 Government Debt 86
4.4.3 Targets and Commitments 86
4.4.4 Public Sentiment 86
4.5 Grid Connection Risk Index 87
4.5.1 Functional Separation 87
4.5.2 Grid Capacity 88
4.5.3 Access and Connection Cost 88
4.6 Planning Permission Risk Index 89
4.6.1 Complexity and Expected Timescales 89
4.6.2 Local Opposition and Procedural Improvements 89
4.7 Conclusion 90
Chapter 5: Indonesia 91
Executive Summary 91
Opportunities Indices 91
Risk Indices 91
5.1 Incentive Opportunities Index 92
5.1.1 Operating Incentives 92
5.1.2 Investment Support 93
5.2 Power Market Opportunities Index 94
5.2.1 Energy Consumption 94
5.2.2 Electricity Sector 95
5.2.3 Nuclear Power 98
5.3 Technology Opportunities Index 98
5.3.1 Renewable Electricity Generation 98
5.3.2 Resource Potential 99
5.3.3 Levelised Generation Costs 99
5.3.4 Wind Power 100
5.3.4.1 Onshore Wind Power 100
5.3.4.2 Offshore Wind Power 100
5.3.5 Biomass 100
5.3.5.1 Solid Biomass 100
5.3.5.2 Biogas 101
5.3.6 Solar Energy 102
5.3.6.1 Solar PV 102
5.3.6.2 Concentrated Solar-thermal Power 102
5.3.7 Small Hydro 102
5.3.8 Geothermal 103
5.3.9 Marine (Wave/Tidal) 105
5.4 Political Will Risk Index 106
5.4.1 Government Structure 106
5.4.2 Government Debt 106
5.4.3 Targets and Commitments 107
5.4.4 Public Sentiment 107
5.5 Grid Connection Risk Index 108
5.5.1 Functional Separation 108
5.5.2 Grid Capacity 108
5.5.3 Access and Connection Cost 109
5.6 Planning Permission Risk Index 109
5.6.1 Complexity and Expected Timescales 110
5.6.2 Local Opposition and Procedural Improvements 110
5.7 Conclusion 110
Chapter 6: Japan 112
Executive Summary 112
Opportunities Indices 112
Risk Indices 112
6.1 Incentive Opportunities Index 113
6.1.1 Operating Incentives 113
6.1.1.1 Tradable Green Certificates 113
6.1.1.2 Solar PV Feed-in Tariff 114
6.1.2 Investment Support 115
6.2 Power Market Opportunities Index 117
6.2.1 Energy Consumption 117
6.2.2 Electricity Sector 118
6.2.3 Nuclear Power 120
6.3 Technology Opportunities Index 121
6.3.1 Renewable Electricity Generation 121
6.3.2 Resource Potential 121
6.3.3 Levelised Generation Costs 123
6.3.4 Wind Power 123
6.3.4.1 Onshore Wind Power 123
6.3.4.2 Offshore Wind Power 126
6.3.5 Biomass 126
6.3.5.1 Solid Biomass 126
6.3.5.2 Biogas 127
6.3.6 Solar Energy 127
6.3.6.1 Solar PV 127
6.3.6.2 Concentrated Solar-thermal Power 128
6.3.7 Small Hydro 128
6.3.8 Geothermal 128
6.3.9 Marine (Wave/Tidal) 129
6.4 Political Will Risk Index 130
6.4.1 Government Structure 130
6.4.2 Government Debt 130
6.4.3 Targets and Commitments 130
6.4.4 Public Sentiment 131
6.5 Grid Connection Risk Index 132
6.5.1 Functional Separation 133
6.5.2 Grid Capacity 133
6.5.3 Access and Connection Cost 134
6.6 Planning Permission Risk Index 134
6.6.1 Complexity and Expected Timescales 135
6.6.2 Local Opposition and Procedural Improvements 135
6.7 Conclusion 135
Chapter 7: South Korea (Republic of Korea) 136
Executive Summary 136
Opportunities Indices 136
Risk Indices 136
7.1 Incentive Opportunities Index 137
7.1.1 Operating Incentives 137
7.1.2 Investment Support 139
7.2 Power Market Opportunities Index 140
7.2.1 Energy Consumption 140
7.2.2 Electricity Sector 141
7.2.3 Nuclear Power 142
7.3 Technology Opportunities Index 143
7.3.1 Renewable Electricity Generation 143
7.3.2 Resource Potential 144
7.3.3 Levelised Generation Costs 145
7.3.4 Wind Power 145
7.3.4.1 Onshore Wind Power 145
7.3.4.2 Offshore Wind Power 146
7.3.5 Biomass 146
7.3.5.1 Solid Biomass 146
7.3.5.2 Biogas 146
7.3.6 Solar Energy 147
7.3.6.1 Solar PV 147
7.3.6.2 Concentrated Solar-thermal Power 148
7.3.7 Small Hydro 148
7.3.8 Geothermal 148
7.3.9 Marine (Wave/Tidal) 149
7.4 Political Will Risk Index 149
7.4.1 Government Structure 149
7.4.2 Government Debt 150
7.4.3 Targets and Commitments 150
7.4.4 Public Sentiment 151
7.5 Grid Connection Risk Index 151
7.5.1 Functional Separation 151
7.5.2 Grid Capacity 152
7.5.3 Access and Connection Cost 152
7.6 Planning Permission Risk Index 153
7.6.1 Complexity and Expected Timescales 153
7.6.2 Local Opposition and Procedural Improvements 153
7.7 Conclusion 154
Chapter 8: Malaysia 155
Executive Summary 155
Opportunities Indices 155
Risk Indices 155
8.1 Incentive Opportunities Index 156
8.1.1 Operating Incentives 156
8.1.1.1 Small Renewable Energy Programme 156
8.1.1.2 Proposed Feed-in Tariff 157
8.1.2 Investment Support 159
8.2 Power Market Opportunities Index 160
8.2.1 Energy Consumption 160
8.2.2 Electricity Sector 161
8.2.3 Nuclear Power 164
8.3 Technology Opportunities Index 164
8.3.1 Renewable Electricity Generation 164
8.3.2 Resource Potential 165
8.3.3 Levelised Generation Costs 166
8.3.4 Wind Power 167
8.3.4.1 Onshore Wind Power 167
8.3.4.2 Offshore Wind Power 167
8.3.5 Biomass 167
8.3.5.1 Solid Biomass 167
8.3.5.2 Biogas 168
8.3.6 Solar Energy 169
8.3.6.1 Solar PV 169
8.3.6.2 Concentrated Solar-thermal Power 169
8.3.7 Small Hydro 170
8.3.8 Geothermal 170
8.3.9 Marine (Wave/Tidal) 170
8.4 Political Will Risk Index 171
8.4.1 Government Structure 171
8.4.2 Government Debt 171
8.4.3 Targets and Commitments 172
8.4.4 Public Sentiment 172
8.5 Grid Connection Risk Index 173
8.5.1 Functional Separation 173
8.5.2 Grid Capacity 173
8.5.3 Access and Connection Cost 174
8.6 Planning Permission Risk Index 175
8.6.1 Complexity and Expected Timescales 175
8.6.2 Local Opposition and Procedural Improvements 175
8.7 Conclusion 176
Chapter 9: The Philippines 177
Executive Summary 177
Opportunities Indices 177
Risk Indices 177
9.1 Incentive Opportunities Index 178
9.1.1 Operating Incentives 178
9.1.1.1 Proposed Feed-in Tariff 178
9.1.1.2 Renewable Portfolio Standard 179
9.1.2 Investment Support 179
9.2 Power Market Opportunities Index 180
9.2.1 Energy Consumption 180
9.2.2 Electricity Sector 181
9.2.3 Nuclear Power 185
9.3 Technology Opportunities Index 185
9.3.1 Renewable Electricity Generation 186
9.3.2 Resource Potential 186
9.3.3 Levelised Generation Costs 188
9.3.4 Wind Power 188
9.3.4.1 Onshore Wind Power 188
9.3.4.2 Offshore Wind Power 188
9.3.5 Biomass 188
9.3.5.1 Solid Biomass 188
9.3.5.2 Biogas 189
9.3.6 Solar Energy 189
9.3.6.1 Solar PV 189
9.3.6.2 Concentrated Solar-thermal Power 189
9.3.7 Small Hydro 189
9.3.8 Geothermal 190
9.3.9 Marine (Wave/Tidal) 190
9.4 Political Will Risk Index 191
9.4.1 Government Structure 191
9.4.2 Government Debt 192
9.4.3 Targets and Commitments 192
9.4.4 Public Sentiment 192
9.5 Grid Connection Risk Index 193
9.5.1 Functional Separation 193
9.5.2 Grid Capacity 194
9.5.3 Access and Connection Cost 194
9.6 Planning Permission Risk Index 194
9.6.1 Complexity and Expected Timescales 194
9.6.2 Local Opposition and Procedural Improvements 195
9.7 Conclusion 195
Chapter 10: Taiwan 196
Executive Summary 196
Opportunities Indices 196
Risk Indices 196
10.1 Incentive Opportunities Index 197
10.1.1 Operating Incentives 197
10.1.2 Investment Support 198
10.2 Power Market Opportunities Index 199
10.2.1 Energy Consumption 199
10.2.2 Electricity Sector 200
10.2.3 Nuclear Power 203
10.3 Technology Opportunities Index 203
10.3.1 Renewable Electricity Generation 203
10.3.2 Resource Potential 203
10.3.3 Levelised Generation Costs 204
10.3.4 Wind Power 205
10.3.4.1 Onshore Wind Power 205
10.3.4.2 Offshore Wind Power 205
10.3.5 Biomass 206
10.3.5.1 Solid Biomass 206
10.3.5.2 Biogas 206
10.3.6 Solar Energy 206
10.3.6.1 Solar PV 206
10.3.6.2 Concentrated Solar-thermal Power 207
10.3.7 Small Hydro 207
10.3.8 Geothermal 207
10.3.9 Marine (Wave/Tidal) 208
10.4 Political Will Risk Index 208
10.4.1 Government Structure 208
10.4.2 Government Debt 209
10.4.3 Targets and Commitments 209
10.4.4 Public Sentiment 210
10.5 Grid Connection Risk Index 210
10.5.1 Functional Separation 210
10.5.2 Grid Capacity 210
10.5.3 Access and Connection Cost 211
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10.6 Planning Permission Risk Index 211
10.6.1 Complexity and Expected Timescales 211
10.6.2 Local Opposition and Procedural Improvements 212
10.7 Conclusion 212
Chapter 11: Thailand 214
Executive Summary 214
Opportunities Indices 214
Risk Indices 214
11.1 Incentive Opportunities Index 215
11.1.1 Operating Incentives 215
11.1.2 Investment Support 216
11.2 Power Market Opportunities Index 218
11.2.1 Energy Consumption 219
11.2.2 Electricity Sector 220
11.2.3 Nuclear Power 222
11.3 Technology Opportunities Index 222
11.3.1 Renewable Electricity Generation 222
11.3.2 Resource Potential 223
11.3.3 Levelised Generation Costs 225
11.3.4 Wind Power 225
11.3.4.1 Onshore Wind Power 225
11.3.4.2 Offshore Wind Power 226
11.3.5 Biomass 226
11.3.5.1 Solid Biomass 226
11.3.5.2 Biogas 227
11.3.6 Solar Energy 227
11.3.6.1 Solar PV 227
11.3.6.2 Concentrated Solar-thermal Power 228
11.3.7 Small Hydro 228
11.3.8 Geothermal 229
11.3.9 Marine (Wave/Tidal) 229
11.4 Political Will Risk Index 229
11.4.1 Government Structure 229
11.4.2 Government Debt 230
11.4.3 Targets and Commitments 230
11.4.4 Public Sentiment 230
11.5 Grid Connection Risk Index 231
11.5.1 Functional Separation 231
11.5.2 Grid Capacity 231
11.5.3 Access and Connection Cost 232
11.6 Planning Permission Risk Index 232
11.6.1 Complexity and Expected Timescales 232
11.6.2 Local Opposition and Procedural Improvements 233
11.7 Conclusion 233
Chapter 12: Vietnam 234
Executive Summary 234
Opportunities Indices 234
Risk Indices 234
12.1 Incentive Opportunities Index 235
12.1.1 Operating Incentives 235
12.1.2 Investment Support 236
12.2 Power Market Opportunities Index 236
12.2.1 Energy Consumption 236
12.2.2 Electricity Sector 237
12.2.3 Nuclear Power 239
12.3 Technology Opportunities Index 239
12.3.1 Renewable Electricity Generation 239
12.3.2 Resource Potential 240
12.3.3 Levelised Generation Costs 241
12.3.4 Wind Power 242
12.3.4.1 Onshore Wind Power 242
12.3.4.2 Offshore Wind Power 242
12.3.5 Biomass 242
12.3.5.1 Solid Biomass 242
12.3.5.2 Biogas 243
12.3.6 Solar Energy 243
12.3.6.1 Solar PV 243
12.3.6.2 Concentrated Solar-thermal Power 244
12.3.7 Small Hydro 244
12.3.8 Geothermal 244
12.3.9 Marine (Wave/Tidal) 245
12.4 Political Will Risk Index 245
12.4.1 Government Structure 245
12.4.2 Government Debt 246
12.4.3 Targets and Commitments 246
12.4.4 Public Sentiment 246
12.5 Grid Connection Risk Index 247
12.5.1 Functional Separation 247
12.5.2 Grid Capacity 247
12.5.3 Access and Connection Cost 248
12.6 Planning Permission Risk Index 248
12.6.1 Complexity and Expected Timescales 248
12.6.2 Local Opposition and Procedural Improvements 248
12.7 Conclusion 249
Chapter 13: Country Comparisons 250
Opportunities Indices 250
Risk Indices 253
Comparison of Opportunities and Risks 255
Chapter 14: Glossary 256
List of Tables
Chapter 2: Australia
Table 2.1: The yearly Renewable Electricity Target in Australia 11
Table 2.2: The multiplier rates for RECs received by micro-generation systems between 2009 and
2015 12
Table 2.3: Estimated generation compensation of renewable power in Australia in 2010 12
Table 2.4: Estimated generation compensation of small-scale renewable power in Australia from
1 January 2011 14
Table 2.5: Estimated generation compensation of large-scale renewable power in Australia from
1 January 2011 14
Table 2.6: Total installed capacity of renewable electricity generation in Australia from 2004
to 2009 (MW) 22
Table 2.7: Comparison of generation compensation in Australia in 2008/09 with levelised generation
costs in the OECD 24
Table 2.8: Growth in installed capacity of wind power in Australia from 2000 to 2009 25
Table 2.9: Wind power projects under construction in Australia as of April 2010 25
Table 2.10: Generating capacity of solid biomass power plants in Australia at the end of 2009 by
state and territory 27
Table 2.11: Electricity generation potential for solid biomass in Australia 27
Table 2.12: Electricity generation potential for biogas in Australia 28
Table 2.13: Cumulative installed power of solar PV in Australia from 2000 to 2009 (MW) 29
Table 2.14: Major geothermal power projects in Australia as of the end of 2009 32
Table 2.15: Marine power demonstration projects in Australia 32
Table 2.16: Commercial marine power projects in Australia as of April 2010 33
Table 2.17: Australian government commitments 35
Table 2.18: Transmission system operators in Australia 37
Table 2.19: Major interconnectors linking the NEM transmission networks 37
Table 2.20: Distribution system operators in Australia 38
Chapter 3: China
Table 3.1: Comparison of tariff rates/income for renewable electricity by technology 45
Table 3.2: Growth in electricity consumption from 2001 to 2009 in China 48
Table 3.3: Changes in total installed capacity of renewable power in China from 2000 to 2009 (MW) 50
Table 3.4: The Chinese government targets for renewable power for 2010 and 2020 (GW) 50
Table 3.5: Distribution of solar resources in China 51
Table 3.6: Potential available biomass resources in China (Mtoe) 51
Table 3.7: Comparison of the operating incentives for renewable power in China in
2010 and levelised generation costs 52
Table 3.8: The Chinese government's 'Three Gorges in the Air' wind power project by province 53
Table 3.9: Accumulated installed generating capacity of biomass power (MW) 54
Table 3.10: Development of landfill gas and biogas generating capacity in China
from 2005 to 2008 (MW) 55
Table 3.11: Government targets for large-scale biogas power plants for 2010 and 2020 56
Table 3.12: Changes in installed solar PV power capacity in China from 1995 to 2008 (MW) 56
Table 3.13: Solar PV power development targets in China for 2010 and 2020
(cumulative installed capacity in MW) 57
Table 3.14: Changes in small hydropower capacity and output in China from 2001 to 2008 58
Table 3.15: Chinese government commitments 60
Table 3.16: Transmission grid zones in China 62
Chapter 4: India
Table 4.1: The CERC tariff guidelines for states 67
Table 4.2: Federal incentives for wind and solar power generation in India 67
Table 4.3: Renewable electricity quotas in selected states in India 68
Table 4.4: Feed-in tariff rates for wind power in selected states in India 69
Table 4.5: Feed-in tariff systems in selected states in India for biomass power generation 70
Table 4.6: Central government financial assistance provided in India for solar PV 72
Table 4.7: Projected peak demand and capacity deficit in India in 2010/11 75
Table 4.8: Projections for power consumption and peak demand in India to 2022 75
Table 4.9: Installed generating capacity of renewable power in India from 2008 to 2010 (MW) 77
Table 4.10: Renewable power development potential in the states in India (MW) 79
Table 4.11: Comparison of feed-in tariff rates in India with levelised generation costs in the OECD (EUR/MWh) 80
Table 4.12: Total installed capacity of onshore wind in India between 2000 and 2009 80
Table 4.13: Wind power potential and installed capacity in India at the end of 2009 81
Table 4.14: Proposed concentrated solar-thermal projects in India 84
Table 4.15: Indian government commitments 86
Chapter 5: Indonesia
Table 5.1: Minimum compensation rates for renewable power sold to PLN in 2010 93
Table 5.2: Projected peak demand and available capacity in Indonesia in 2010 and 2014 96
Table 5.3: New generating capacity planned in Indonesia between 2009 and 2013 97
Table 5.4: Total generation of grid-connected renewable power in Indonesia from 2003
to 2008 (GWh) 98
Table 5.5: Total installed generating capacity of grid-connected renewable power in Indonesia
from 2003-2009 (MW) 99
Table 5.6: Renewable energy potential in Indonesia 99
Table 5.7: Distribution and energy potential of biomass in Indonesia 101
Table 5.8: Biomass generating potential integrated with agricultural processing plants in Indonesia 101
Table 5. 9: Planned small hydro projects in Indonesia from 2010 to 2014 102
Table 5.10: Geothermal power plants in Indonesia in 2010 103
Table 5.11: Electricity and steam purchase prices for geothermal plants in Indonesia 104
Table 5.12: Geothermal power projects under development in Indonesia 105
Table 5.13: Indonesian government commitments 107
Table 5.14: Length of installed power lines in Indonesia in 2008 (km) 109
Chapter 6: Japan
Table 6.1: Renewable electricity targets in Japan from 2010 to 2014 114
Table 6.2: Feed-in tariff rates for solar PV in Japan installed in 2010 115
Table 6.3: Investment subsidies previously available for hydropower in Japan in 2007 and 2008 116
Table 6.4: Examples of central and local government subsidies in Japan for solar PV 117
Table 6.5: Growth in the total installed capacity of renewable power in Japan from 1990
to 2008 (MW) 121
Table 6.6: Average yearly wind speeds in Japan in various regions 122
Table 6.7: Breakdown of biomass produced and used in Japan in 2005 122
Table 6.8: Sites with development potential for small hydro in Japan 123
Table 6.9: Comparison of feed-in tariff rates in Japan for solar PV with levelised generation costs
in the OECD (EUR/MWh) 123
Table 6.10: Wind farms (>10,000 kW) in Japan as of March 2009 125
Table 6.11: Cumulative installed PV power in Japan from 2005 to 2009 (MW) 128
Table 6.12: Geothermal plants in Japan as of 2010 129
Table 6.13: Japanese government commitments 131
Chapter 7: South Korea (Republic of Korea)
Table 7.1: Feed-in tariff rates for non-solar PV renewable power in South Korea in 2010 138
Table 7.2: Feed-in tariff rates for solar PV generated electricity in South Korea from 2008 to 2010
(KRW/MWh) 138
Table 7.3: Feed-in tariff rates for solar PV generated electricity in South Korea from 2008 to 2010
(EUR/MWh) 138
Table 7.4: Projected peak demand and installed generating capacity in South Korea from
2009 to 2022 142
Table 7.5: Total installed generating capacity of renewable power in South Korea in 2008 and
2009 (MW) 143
Table 7.6: Renewable power generation in South Korea from 2004 to 2008 (MWh) 143
Table 7.7: Biomass resources in South Korea 144
Table 7.8: Comparison of feed-in tariff rates in South Korea with levelised generation costs
in the OECD (EUR/MWh) 145
Table 7.9: Total installed capacity of onshore wind in South Korea between 2001 and 2009 145
Table 7.10: Status of offshore wind power projects in South Korea 146
Table 7.11: Total installed capacity of solar PV in South Korea from 2001 to 2009 (kW) 147
Table 7.12: Status of marine power projects in South Korea 149
Table 7.13: South Korean government commitments 150
Table 7.14: Estimated duration for completion for grid connection request 152
Chapter 8: Malaysia
Table 8.1: Proposed feed-in tariff rates in Malaysia for 2010 158
Table 8.2: Annual quota of new renewable power capacity that can receive the feed-in tariff
rates (MW) 159
Table 8.3: Power consumption and exports in Malaysia from 2003 to 2008 (GWh) 162
Table 8.4: Growth in peak demand and installed capacity in Malaysia in each grid region 163
Table 8.5: Expected change in the electricity generation mix in Malaysia from 2000 to 2010 (GWh) 164
Table 8.6: Growth in installed generating capacity of renewable power in Malaysia from 2001 to
2008 (MW) 164
Table 8.7: Proposed cumulative quota on renewable power capacity in Malaysia under the
FIT system (MW) 166
Table 8.8: Comparison of SREP and proposed feed-in tariff rates in Malysia with levelised
generation costs in the OECD (EUR/MWh) 166
Table 8.9: Palm oil production by-products and generating potential in Malaysia in 2006 167
Table 8.10: Malaysian government commitments 172
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Chapter 9: The Philippines
Table 9.1: Peak annual demand in the regional grid systems in the Philippines from 2000 to 2008 182
Table 9.2: Committed new capacity additions in the Philippines between 2010 and 2014 (MW) 184
Table 9.3: Planned new capacity additions in the Philippines between 2010 and 2020 184
Table 9.4: Power supply and demand outlook in the Philippines from 2009 to 2030 185
Table 9.5: Renewable power generation in the Philippines from 2005 to 2009 (MWh) 186
Table 9.6: Installed generating capacity of renewable power in the Philippines in 2009 and
targets to 2030 186
Table 9.7: Geothermal fields in the Philippines under development as of May 2010 190
Table 9.8: Areas suitable for the development of marine energy in the Philippines 191
Table 9.9: Philippine government commitments 192
Chapter 10: Taiwan
Table 10.1: Feed-in tariff rates in Taiwan in 2010 197
Table 10.2: Solar PV feed-in tariff rates in Taiwan for projects which have been awarded an investment grant 198
Table 10.3: Generating capacity projected to be built between 2008 and 2017 202
Table 10.4: Growth in the installed capacity of renewable power in Taiwan from 2003 to 2009 (MW) 203
Table 10.5: Taiwan's renewable energy targets 204
Table 10.6: Comparison of the FIT rates in Taiwan in 2010 and levelised generation costs
in the OECD 204
Table 10.7: Wind power development in Taiwan as of April 2010 205
Table 10.8: Marine energy development policy of Taiwan 208
Table 10.9: Taiwanese government commitments 209
Chapter 11: Thailand
Table 11.1: Adders (supplementary payments) for renewable electricity in Thailand in 2010 216
Table 11.2: Government-set caps of accumulated total capacity in Thailand 216
Table 11.3: Thai economic zones 217
Table 11.4: Investment incentives available in different economic zones in Thailand 218
Table 11.5: Installed generating capacity of renewable power in Thailand at the end of 2009 and
government targets up to 2022 (MW) 223
Table 11.6: Required private sector investment in renewable power to meet Thailand's renewable
energy target (THB million) 223
Table 11.7: Renewable power capacity targets in 2022 and potential in Thailand 224
Table 11.8: Comparison of the generation compensation in Thailand for 2010 with levelised
generation costs in the OECD 225
Table 11.9: Solid biomass energy potential in Thailand (ktoe) 226
Table 11.10: Biogas energy potential in Thailand (ktoe) 227
Table 11.11: Thai government commitments 230
Chapter 12: Vietnam
Table 12.1: Total installed generating capacity of renewable power in Vietnam in 2008 240
Table 12.2: Solar energy resources in Vietnam by region 240
Table 12.3: Renewable power targets in Vietnam for 2025 241
Table 12.4: Vietnamese government commitments 246
Chapter 13: Country Comparisons
Table 13.1: Total incentive and power market opportunities indices 250
Table 13.2: Total political will, grid connection and planning permission risk indices 253
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List of Figures
Chapter 2: Australia
Figure 2.1: Primary energy consumption in Australia in 2007/08 (Mtoe): Total 137.9 Mtoe 19
Figure 2.2: Total installed generating capacity in Australia in 2008/09 (MW): Total 50,454 MW 20
Figure 2.3: Electricity generation mix in Australia in 2007/08 (TWh): Total 265.2TWh 21
Figure 2.4: Projected electricity generation mix in Australia in 2029/30 (TWh): Total 366 TWh 21
Chapter 3: China
Figure 3.1: Primary energy consumption by source in China in 2008 (Mtoe): Total 1,933.5 Mtoe 47
Figure 3.2: Projected generating capacity mix in China at the end of 2010 (GW) 49
Chapter 4: India
Figure 4.1: Primary energy consumption in India in 2007 (Mtoe): Total 594 Mtoe 73
Figure 4.2: Total installed generating capacity in India in 2010 (MW): Total 160,694 MW 76
Figure 4.3: Electricity generation mix in India in 2008 (TWh): Total 774.38 TWh 76
Chapter 5: Indonesia
Figure 5.1: Primary energy consumption in Indonesia in 2008 (Mtoe): Total 202.5 Mtoe 95
Figure 5.2: Total installed generating capacity in Indonesia in 2008 (MW): Total 30,298 MW 96
Figure 5.3: Electricity generation mix in Indonesia in 2008 (GWh): Total 149,437 GWh 97
Chapter 6: Japan
Figure 6.1: Primary energy consumption in Japan in 2008 (Mtoe): Total 514.4 Mtoe 118
Figure 6.2: Total installed generating capacity in Japan in 2010 (MW): Total 237,151 MW 120
Figure 6.3: Electricity generation mix in Japan in 2009-2010 (GWh): Total 925,392 GWh 120
Figure 6.4: Increase in wind power in Japan between 2000 and 2008 and the government
target for 2020 124
Chapter 7: South Korea (Republic of Korea)
Figure 7.1: Primary energy consumption by source in South Korea in 2008 (Mtoe): Total 240.8 Mtoe 140
Figure 7.2: Total installed generating capacity in South Korea in 2008 (MW): Total 72,491 MW 141
Figure 7.3: Electricity generation mix in South Korea in 2008 (GWh): Total 422,355.4 GWh 142
Chapter 8: Malaysia
Figure 8.1: Primary energy consumption by source in Malaysia in 2008 (ktoe): Total 77,389 ktoe 161
Figure 8.2: Total installed generating capacity in Malaysia in 2009 (MW): Total 24,608 MW 162
Figure 8.3: Electricity generation mix in Malaysia in 2008 (GWh): Total 108,188 GWh 163
Chapter 9: The Philippines
Figure 9.1: Primary energy consumption by source in the Philippines in 2008 (ktoe):
Total 39,503 ktoe 181
Figure 9.2: Total installed generating capacity in the Philippines in 2009 (MW): Total 15,610 MW 183
Figure 9.3: Electricity generation mix in the Philippines in 2009 (GWh): Total 61,933 GWh 183
Chapter 10: Taiwan
Figure 10.1: Primary energy consumption by source in Taiwan in 2009 (Mtoe): Total 133.7 Mtoe 200
Figure 10.2: Projected growth in peak demand in Taiwan from 2001 to 2020 (MW) 201
Figure 10.3: Generating capacity mix in Taiwan as of 31 December 2009 (MW): Total 48,014.9 MW 201
Figure 10.4: Electricity generation mix in Taiwan in 2009 (GWh): Total 229,067.6 GWh 202
Chapter 11: Thailand
Figure 11.1: Primary energy consumption by source in Thailand in 2009 (ktoe): Total 82,345 ktoe 219
Figure 11.2: Growth in peak demand in Thailand from 2000 and projections to 2030 (MW) 221
Figure 11.3: Grid-connected generating capacity mix in Thailand as of 31 December 2009 (MW):
Total 30,607 MW 221
Figure 11.4: Electricity generation mix in Thailand in 2009 (GWh): Total 148,364 GWh 222
Chapter 12: Vietnam
Figure 12.1: Primary energy supply in Vietnam in 2007 (Mtoe): Total 46.9 Mtoe 237
Figure 12.2: Total installed generating capacity in Vietnam in 2009 (MW): Total 17,000 MW 238
Chapter 13: Country Comparisons
Figure 13.1: Incentive and power market opportunities indices 251
Figure 13.2: Combined incentive and power market opportunities indices 251
Figure 13.3: Political will, grid connection and planning permission risk indices 253
Figure 13.4: Combined political will, grid connection and planning permission risk indices 254
Figure 13.5: Comparison of combined opportunity and risk indices 255
To order this report:
Renewable energy Industry: The Asia-Pacific Renewable Electricity Sector: A Country Comparison of Risks and Opportunities
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